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Anatomy and physiology > muscles > Flashcards

muscles Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of the contractile proteins?

A

actin and myosin

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2
Q

which filament is thin?

A

actin

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3
Q

Which filament is thick?

A

myosin

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4
Q

What is the name of the light and dark striations seen on muscle tissue under a microscope?

A

Sarcomeres

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5
Q

What molecules provide energy for muscle movement?

A

adenosine triphosphate

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6
Q

what is a motor unit?

A

a single nerve together with the muscle fibres it supplies

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7
Q

what is the name of the junction between the nerve fibre and the muscle?

A

neuromuscular junction

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8
Q

what chemical transmits nerve impulses across the neuromuscular junction?

A

acetyl choline

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9
Q

What is isometric contraction?

A

when tension is generated in the muscle, muscle tone is increased, but the muscle does not shorten

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10
Q

What is isotonic contraction?

A

the muscle moves or shortens

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11
Q

what is the term for a muscle growing larger due to excessive use?

A

hypertrophied

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12
Q

What is the term for a muscle shrinking due to lack of use?

A

atrophied

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13
Q

what is the name of the thick fleshy central part of the muscle?

A

the belly

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14
Q

what is an aponeurosis?

A

a flat sheet of muscle and tendon

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15
Q

what is a sphincter muscle?

A

muscles that form a ring and control the entrance or exist of a structure

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16
Q

what is a bursa?

A

a connective tissue sac lined with synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid

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17
Q

where would you find a bursa?

A

between a bony prominence and a tendon, ligament or muscle

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18
Q

what is the function of a bursa?

A

to reduce friction between the associated structure and the bone

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19
Q

what is the name of a bursa that wraps around a tendon completely?

A

synovial or tendon sheath

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20
Q

what are intrinsic muscles?

A

muscles that lie completely within on region of the body. they act on the joints in that part only.

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21
Q

What are extrinsic muscles?

A

muscles that run from one part of the body to another and alter the position of the whole part (e.g limbs) in relation to the other.

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22
Q

Name the muscles of mastication

A

Digastricus
masseter
temporalis
medial and lateral pterygoids

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23
Q

what is the function of the digastricus?

A

opens the jaw

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24
Q

where is the Digastricus located?

A

on the caudoventral surface of the mandible

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25
Q

what is the origin point of the diagastricus?

A

the jugular process of the occipital bone

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26
Q

what is the insertion point of the diagastricus?

A

angle and ventral surface of the mandible

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27
Q

what is the function of the masseter?

A

closes the jaw

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28
Q

Where is the masseter located?

A

lateral to the mandible

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29
Q

where is the origin point of the masseter?

A

the zygomatic arch

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30
Q

where is the insertion point of the masseter?

A

masseteric fossa on the lateral surface of the mandible

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31
Q

What is the function of the temporalis?

A

closes the jaw

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32
Q

What is the strongest muscle of the head?

A

the temporalis

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33
Q

where is the temporalis located?

A

covering much of the coral and lateral surfaces of the skull

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34
Q

what is the origin point of the temporalis?

A

the temporal fossa

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35
Q

what is the insertion point of the temporalis?

A

the coronoid process of the mandible

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36
Q

where are the medial and lateral pterygoids located?

A

medial to the mandible

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37
Q

what is the function of the medial and lateral pterygoids?

A

aid the temporalis and masseter in closing the jaw but also responsible for the side to side movements of the mouth

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38
Q

What are the extra ocular muscles responsible for moving the eye within its socket called?

A

the four rectus muscles

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39
Q

what is the function of the oblique muscles in the eye?

A

rotate the eye about its visual axis

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40
Q

What is the retractor bulbi?

A

a muscular cone around the optic nerve at the back of the eye

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41
Q

what is the action of the retractor bulbi?

A

to pull the eye deeper into the socket

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42
Q

Epaxial muscles

A

lie dorsal to the transverse process of the vertebrae

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43
Q

what is the function of the epaxial muscles?

A

to support the spine and allow lateral flexion

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44
Q

Hypaxial muscles

A

lie ventral to the transverse process of the vertebrae, one region associated with the neck, another with the back

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45
Q

what is the function of the hypaxial muscles?

A

flex the neck and tail, and contribute to flexion of the vertebral column

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46
Q

What is the origin and insertion point of the external intercostal muscles?

A

origination from the caudal boarder of one rib and inserting onto the cranial boarder of the rib behind it

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47
Q

What is the function of the external intercostal muscles?

A

assist in inspiration

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48
Q

Where are the internal intercostal muscles?

A

below the external intercostal muscles

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49
Q

what is the origin and insertion point of the internal intercostal muscles?

A

originate from the cranial surface of one rib and insert on the caudal border of the rib in front of it

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50
Q

What is the function of the internal intercostal muscles?

A

assist in expiration

51
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

the sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities

52
Q

What are the parts of the diaphragm?

A

the central tendon and muscular periphery

53
Q

Where does the diaphragm arise from

A

the lumbar vertebrae, caudal ribs and sternum

54
Q

What is the name of the lumbar portion of the diaphragm that consists of thickened muscular bundles?

A

right and left crura (crus)

55
Q

What are the three openings in the diaphragm that allow structures through into the abdomen?

A

aortic hiatus
oesophageal hiatus
caval foramen

56
Q

What structures pass through the aortic hiatus?

A

the aorta,
azygous vein
thoracic duct

57
Q

What structures pass through the oesophageal hiatus?

A

the oesophagus

vagal nerve trunks

58
Q

what structures pass through the caval foramen?

A

the caudal vena cava

59
Q

what are the names of the abdominal muscles?

A

External abdominal oblique
internal abdominal oblique
transverse abdominal oblique
rectus abdominis

60
Q

Where does the external abdominal oblique originate and insert?

A

originates from the lateral surfaces of the ribs and lumbar facia and terminates in the midline linea alba

61
Q

What is the internal abdominal oblique?

A

intermediate muscle of the lateral abdominal wall, terminates in the linea alba

62
Q

What is the transverse abdominal oblique?

A

the deepest of the lateral abdominal muscles, terminates in the linea alba

63
Q

What is the external abdominal oblique?

A

most superficial lateral abdominal muscle

64
Q

What is the rectus abdominis?

A

a broad band of muscle on each side of the linea alba that forms the floor of the abdomen,

65
Q

What is the origin and insertion points of the rectus abdominis?

A

originates on the first rib and sternum and inserts on the pubis

66
Q

what tendon allows the rectus abdominis to insert onto the pubis?

A

the prepubic tendon

67
Q

What is the linea alba?

A

the combined aponeuroses of the three lateral abdominal muscles.

68
Q

Where is the linea alba?

A

extends along the ventral midline from the xiphoid process to the sternum to the pubic symphysis

69
Q

what is the inguinal ring?

A

a slit-like opening in the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique in the region of the groin

70
Q

what is the function of the inguinal ring?

A

allows the passage of blood vessels from the abdomen to the external genitalia and mammary glands, and transmits the structures of the spermatic chord to the scrotum

71
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the forelimb?

A

trapezius
pectoral
latissimus dorsi
brachiocephalicus

72
Q

What is the origin and insertion point of the trapezius?

A

origin the dorsal midline from C2 to C7 inserts on the spine of the scapula

73
Q

What is the function of the trapezius?

A

draws the leg forward and protracts the limb

74
Q

What is the origin and insertion point of the pectoral muscles?

A

runs from the ribs and sternum and inserts on the humerus

75
Q

What is the action of the pectoral muscles?

A

adduct the limb and hold the forelimb against the body wall

76
Q

What is the origin and insertion point of the latissimus dorsi?

A

broad origin on the thoracic spine and inserts on the humerus

77
Q

what is the function of the latissimus dorsi?

A

retracts the forelimb

78
Q

What is the origin and insertion point of the brachiocephalicus?

A

runs from the base of the skull to an insertion point on the cranial aspect of the humerus

79
Q

what is the function of the brachiocephalicus?

A

when the limb is on the ground it flexes the neck and bends the neck laterally; when the limb is not taking weight it draws the foreleg forward and protracts the limb

80
Q

what are the intrinsic muscles of the forelimb?

A 
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
triceps brachii
biceps brachii
brachialis
81
Q

What is the origin and insertion point of the supraspinatus?

A

originates from the suprapinous fossa inserts onto the greater tubercle of the humerus

82
Q

What is the action of the Supraspinatus?

A

Extends the shoulder and stabilises the shoulder joint

83
Q

What is the origin and insertion point of the Infraspinatus ?

A

Originates from the infraspinous fossa of the scapula and inserts on the greater tubercle of the humerus

84
Q

What is the action of the Infraspinatus?

A

Helps to stabilise the shoulder joint and flexes the shoulder joint

85
Q

What is the origin of 3 of the heads of the triceps brachii muscle?

A

proximal humerus

86
Q

what is the origin of the fourth head of the triceps brachii muscle?

A

the scapula

87
Q

Where do the muscles of the triceps brachii insert?

A

the olecranon of the ulna

88
Q

what is the action of the triceps brachii?

A

extends the elbow joint

89
Q

what is the origin and insertion point go the biceps brachii?

A

originates from the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula and inserts on the radius and ulna

90
Q

what is the action of the biceps brachii?

A

flexes the elbow joint

91
Q

what is the origin and insertion points of the brachialis muscle?

A

originates from the humerus and inserts onto the radius and ulna

92
Q

what is the action of the brachialis muscle?

A

flexes the elbow joint

93
Q

What are the main muscles of the carpus and digits?

A

two carpal extensors
two digital extensors
two carpal flexors
two digital flexors

94
Q

Where do the carpal extensors originate and insert?

A

originate from the humerus and inset on the carpals

95
Q

where do the carpal extensors run?

A

in front of the lower limb and foot

96
Q

where do the digital extensors originate and insert?

A

originate from the humerus and insert on the third phalanx

97
Q

where do the digital extensors run?

A

in front of the lower limb and foot

98
Q

where do the carpal flexors run?

A

behind the carpus and foot

99
Q

what makes up the two digital flexors?

A

the superficial digital flexor

the deep digital flexor

100
Q

where does the superficial flexor insert?

A

the second phalanx

101
Q

where does the deep digital flexor insert?

A

the third phalanx

102
Q

what are the extrinsic muscles attached to the vertebral column and the pelvic girdle?

A

the sublumbar hypaxial muscles

103
Q

What are the muscles of the gluteals?

A

the superficial gluteals
the middle gluteals
deep gluteals
tensor fascia latae

104
Q

what is the action of the gluteals?

A

extend the hip joint and abduct the thigh

105
Q

what muscles make up the hamstring group?

A

biceps femoris
semitendinosus
semimembranosus

106
Q

what is the action of the hamstring group of muscles?

A

to propel and extend the whole limb backwards

107
Q

what is the position of the biceps femoris?

A

the most lateral hamstring muscle, originates from the pelvis and runs over the femur to the tibia and inserts on the calcaneus of the hock

108
Q

what is the action of the biceps femoris?

A

extends the hip, flexes the stifle and extends the hock

109
Q

what is the position of the semitendinosus?

A

runs from the pelvis and inserts on the tibia and calcaneus

110
Q

what is the action of the semitendinosus?

A

extends the hip, flexes the stifle and extends the hock

111
Q

what is the position of the semimembranosus?

A

the most medial hamstring muscle, runs from the pelvis to the femur and tibia

112
Q

what is the action of the smeimembranosus?

A

extends the hip and flexes the stifle

113
Q

What is the position of the quadriceps femoris?

A

runs down the cranial aspect of the thigh, consists of 4 parts that all insert on the tibial tuberosity or crest.

114
Q

what is the action of the quadriceps femoris?

A

extends the stifle joint

115
Q

what muscles make up the adductor group?

A

pectineus
sartorius
gracilis

116
Q

what is the position of the pectineus?

A

runs from the pubis to the distal femur

117
Q

what is the action of the pectineus?

A

adducts the limb

118
Q

What is the position of the sartorius?

A

inserts on the cranial border of the tibia with the gracilis muscle

119
Q

what is the action of the sartorius?

A

adducts the limb

120
Q

What is the position of the gracilis?

A

forms the caudal half of the medial surface of the thigh

121
Q

what is the action of the gracilis?

A

adducts the limb

122
Q

what is the position of the Gastrocnemius muscle?

A

originates from the caudal aspect of the femur and inserts on the calcaneus of the hock

123
Q

what is the action of the Gastrocnemius?

A

extends the hock and flexes the stifle

124
Q

Which opening lies within the central tendon of the diaphragm?

A

Caval foramen

Anatomy and physiology (29 decks)

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