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Microbiology > The Prokaryotic Cell > Flashcards

The Prokaryotic Cell Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

origins of prokaryotic cells

A

3.8 billion years ago

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2
Q

microbiologic groups

A

bacteria (bacteriology)
fungi (mycology)
parasites (parasitology)
viruses (virology)
prokaryotes

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3
Q

prokaryote traits

A

unicellular
lack a membrane-bound nucleus
lack membrane-bound organelles
simpler genetic makeup

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4
Q

size

A

0.2 micrometers to 750 micrometers
most are between 0.5 and 2.0

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5
Q

micrometer

A

1 x 10^-6 meter

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6
Q

size, shape, and arrangement linked to

A

survival

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7
Q

two shapes

A

coccus (sphere)
bacillus (rod)

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8
Q

coccus shapes

A

single
diplo
strep (chain)
staph (cluster)

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9
Q

bacillus shapes

A

single
diplo
strep (chain)
palisades

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10
Q

other shapes

A

vibrio
coccobacillus
spiral
spirochete
stella
filamentous
pleomorphic

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11
Q

reproduction via

A

binary fission

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12
Q

binary fission

A

asexual reproduction

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13
Q

plasma membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer
hydrophilic head
hydrophobic tail
selectively permeable

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14
Q

cell wall

A

peptidoglycan layer
provides structure and shape
NAG and NAM

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15
Q

peptidoglycan

A

rigid, net-like lattice comprised of sugars and amino acids (peptides)

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16
Q

gram stain technique

A

allows classification of bacteria based on cell wall structure

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17
Q

gram-negative bacteria

A

stains pink
two membrane layers

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18
Q

gram-positive bacteria

A

stains purple
one membrane layer

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19
Q

acid fast stain

A

detects cell walls that contain a waxy lipid called mycolic acid

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20
Q

mycolic acid

A

extra rigid and tough layer of protection

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21
Q

reasons for transport in a cell

A

obtain nutrients
maintain water balance
exchange gases
dispose of waste products

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22
Q

passive transport

A

no energy required

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23
Q

active transport

A

requires energy
moves against concentration gradient

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24
Q

types of diffusion (passive transport)

A

simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion

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25
Q

osmosis

A

net movement of water across a selective membrane
water is attracted to solutes

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26
Q

solute

A

dissolved substances

27
Q

isotonic environment

A

solute concentration is equal in and out of cell

28
Q

hypertonic environment

A

higher solute content outside of cell
leads to plasmolysis

29
Q

plasmolysis

A

plasma membrane shrinks away from cell wall

30
Q

hypotonic environment

A

lower solute content outside of cell
leads to lysis

31
Q

lysis

A

cell bursting

32
Q

primary active transport

A

fully against concentration gradient

33
Q

secondary active transport

A

process that wants to happen fuels process that doesn’t want to happen

34
Q

phosphotransferase active transport

A

gets sugars into cell

35
Q

flagella

A

filament-like extracellular structure used for motility

36
Q

motility

A

mobility

37
Q

chemotaxis

A

movement in response to chemical stimulus

38
Q

phototaxis

A

response to light

39
Q

aerotaxis

A

response to atmospheric conditions

40
Q

monotrichous flagellum

A

one flagellum

41
Q

lophotrichous flagella

A

2 localized

42
Q

amphitrichous flagella

A

both ends

43
Q

peritrichous flagella

A

everywhere

44
Q

fimbriae

A

short, bristle-like structures used for attachment to surfaces

45
Q

pili

A

hair-like appendage, comprised of protein piling, found on surface of many bacteria

46
Q

pili uses

A

attachment
gliding
conjugation

47
Q

conjugation

A

exchange of genetic info laterally

48
Q

glycocalyx

A

viscous, gummy layer surrounding entire bacterial species
typically polysaccharides

49
Q

slime layer

A

loose coating that does not exclude small particles

50
Q

capsule

A

tight coating that does exclude small particles

51
Q

glycocalyx functions

A

protection from environment
protection from immune system
attachment to surfaces

52
Q

cytoplasm

A

gelatinous solution comprised of mainly water

53
Q

nucleoid

A

somewhat centralized region housing bacterial genome
typically single circular DNA chromosome

54
Q

ribosomes

A

organelles made of RNA and protein
30S + 50S = 70S

55
Q

what gives structure/support

A

protein filaments

56
Q

plasmids

A

circular, extrachromosomal DNA

57
Q

main classes of plasmids

A

fertility F-plasmids
resistance plasmids
col plasmids
degradative plasmids
virulence plasmids

58
Q

resistance plasmids

A

survive antibiotics

59
Q

virulence plasmids

A

makes bacteria toxic

60
Q

why are plasmids important to microbiological research

A

cloning
expression

61
Q

inclusion bodies

A

amorphous particles in cytoplasm used as a nutrient reserve

62
Q

endospores

A

metabolically inactive structures
highly resistant to environmental stress
can germinate back into vegetative (active) cells

63
Q

what type of bacteria is most likely to form endospores

A

gram-positive

Microbiology (24 decks)

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