The Prokaryotic Cell

Question 1

origins of prokaryotic cells

Answer 1

3.8 billion years ago

Question 2

microbiologic groups

Answer 2

bacteria (bacteriology)
fungi (mycology)
parasites (parasitology)
viruses (virology)
prokaryotes

Question 3

prokaryote traits

Answer 3

unicellular
lack a membrane-bound nucleus
lack membrane-bound organelles
simpler genetic makeup

Question 4

size

Answer 4

0.2 micrometers to 750 micrometers
most are between 0.5 and 2.0

Question 5

micrometer

Answer 5

1 x 10^-6 meter

Question 6

size, shape, and arrangement linked to

Answer 6

survival

Question 7

two shapes

Answer 7

coccus (sphere)
bacillus (rod)

Question 8

coccus shapes

Answer 8

single
diplo
strep (chain)
staph (cluster)

Question 9

bacillus shapes

Answer 9

single
diplo
strep (chain)
palisades

Question 10

other shapes

Answer 10

vibrio
coccobacillus
spiral
spirochete
stella
filamentous
pleomorphic

Question 11

reproduction via

Answer 11

binary fission

Question 12

binary fission

Answer 12

asexual reproduction

Question 13

plasma membrane

Answer 13

phospholipid bilayer
hydrophilic head
hydrophobic tail
selectively permeable

Question 14

cell wall

Answer 14

peptidoglycan layer
provides structure and shape
NAG and NAM

Question 15

peptidoglycan

Answer 15

rigid, net-like lattice comprised of sugars and amino acids (peptides)

Question 16

gram stain technique

Answer 16

allows classification of bacteria based on cell wall structure

Question 17

gram-negative bacteria

Answer 17

stains pink
two membrane layers

Question 18

gram-positive bacteria

Answer 18

stains purple
one membrane layer

Question 19

acid fast stain

Answer 19

detects cell walls that contain a waxy lipid called mycolic acid

Question 20

mycolic acid

Answer 20

extra rigid and tough layer of protection

Question 21

reasons for transport in a cell

Answer 21

obtain nutrients
maintain water balance
exchange gases
dispose of waste products

Question 22

passive transport

Answer 22

no energy required

Question 23

active transport

Answer 23

requires energy
moves against concentration gradient

Question 24

types of diffusion (passive transport)

Answer 24

simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion

Question 25

osmosis

Answer 25

net movement of water across a selective membrane water is attracted to solutes

Question 26

solute

Answer 26

dissolved substances

Question 27

isotonic environment

Answer 27

solute concentration is equal in and out of cell

Question 28

hypertonic environment

Answer 28

higher solute content outside of cell leads to plasmolysis

Question 29

plasmolysis

Answer 29

plasma membrane shrinks away from cell wall

Question 30

hypotonic environment

Answer 30

lower solute content outside of cell leads to lysis

Question 31

lysis

Answer 31

cell bursting

Question 32

primary active transport

Answer 32

fully against concentration gradient

Question 33

secondary active transport

Answer 33

process that wants to happen fuels process that doesn't want to happen

Question 34

phosphotransferase active transport

Answer 34

gets sugars into cell

Question 35

flagella

Answer 35

filament-like extracellular structure used for motility

Question 36

motility

Answer 36

mobility

Question 37

chemotaxis

Answer 37

movement in response to chemical stimulus

Question 38

phototaxis

Answer 38

response to light

Question 39

aerotaxis

Answer 39

response to atmospheric conditions

Question 40

monotrichous flagellum

Answer 40

one flagellum

Question 41

lophotrichous flagella

Answer 41

2 localized

Question 42

amphitrichous flagella

Answer 42

both ends

Question 43

peritrichous flagella

Answer 43

everywhere

Question 44

fimbriae

Answer 44

short, bristle-like structures used for attachment to surfaces

Question 45

pili

Answer 45

hair-like appendage, comprised of protein piling, found on surface of many bacteria

Question 46

pili uses

Answer 46

attachment gliding conjugation

Question 47

conjugation

Answer 47

exchange of genetic info laterally

Question 48

glycocalyx

Answer 48

viscous, gummy layer surrounding entire bacterial species typically polysaccharides

Question 49

slime layer

Answer 49

loose coating that does not exclude small particles

Question 50

capsule

Answer 50

tight coating that does exclude small particles

Question 51

glycocalyx functions

Answer 51

protection from environment protection from immune system attachment to surfaces

Question 52

cytoplasm

Answer 52

gelatinous solution comprised of mainly water

Question 53

nucleoid

Answer 53

somewhat centralized region housing bacterial genome typically single circular DNA chromosome

Question 54

ribosomes

Answer 54

organelles made of RNA and protein 30S + 50S = 70S

Question 55

what gives structure/support

Answer 55

protein filaments

Question 56

plasmids

Answer 56

circular, extrachromosomal DNA

Question 57

main classes of plasmids

Answer 57

fertility F-plasmids resistance plasmids col plasmids degradative plasmids virulence plasmids

Question 58

resistance plasmids

Answer 58

survive antibiotics

Question 59

virulence plasmids

Answer 59

makes bacteria toxic

Question 60

why are plasmids important to microbiological research

Answer 60

cloning expression

Question 61

inclusion bodies

Answer 61

amorphous particles in cytoplasm used as a nutrient reserve

Question 62

endospores

Answer 62

metabolically inactive structures highly resistant to environmental stress can germinate back into vegetative (active) cells

Question 63

what type of bacteria is most likely to form endospores

Answer 63

gram-positive