Epidemiology

Question 1

epidemiology definition

Answer 1

study of disease in populations

Question 2

what was the first modern epidemiology study

Answer 2

1854 Cholera Outbreak

Question 3

what led to this outbreak

Answer 3

poor sanitation/no sewer system

Question 4

humors definition

Answer 4

the idea that there are four fluids in the body which must be in balance

Question 5

what are the four humors

Answer 5

yellow bile
black bile
phlegm
blood

Question 6

miasma definition

Answer 6

people get sick because of unclean environment and foul air

Question 7

Germ Theory defintion

Answer 7

disease is caused by pathogen

Question 8

who worked on the 1854 Cholera Outbreak

Answer 8

John Snow

Question 9

who was John Snow

Answer 9

surgeon-apothecary who had experience with previous cholera outbreaks and suspected the water supply; published a call to arms in 1849 about cholera

Question 10

what years did the 1854 Cholera Outbreak occur

Answer 10

1853-1855

Question 11

incidence definition

Answer 11

number of new cases in a specific time

Question 12

where did John Snow identify the outbreak to have started

Answer 12

the Broad Street water pump

Question 13

who was Reverend Henry Whitehead

Answer 13

minister of local church looking for evidence against the water pump theory for the cholera outbreak

Question 14

what did Reverend Henry Whitehead find about the pump and cholera

Answer 14

houses using the Broad Street pump were 9x more likely to have victims

Question 15

who did Reverend Henry Whitehead identify has “patient zero”

Answer 15

an infant who had died two days before the outbreak from diarrhea; the infected feces seeped through cracks in basement foundation and contaminated water

Question 16

why is cholera important

Answer 16

it was the first pathogen with a defined source of infection

Question 17

common source epidemic definition

Answer 17

numerous individuals infected from same original source (usually breakdown in sanitation)

Question 18

host-to-host epidemic definition

Answer 18

disease transmitted from infected to uninfected individual

Question 19

epidemic threshold definition

Answer 19

differs from pathogen to pathogen

Question 20

epidemic threshold factors

Answer 20

how easily is it spread
how contagious is it
symptoms
vaccines
circumstances

Question 21

measles

Answer 21

viral infection in children that is highly contagious
MMR vaccine

Question 22

influenza

Answer 22

RNA virus with segmented genome
have hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins

Question 23

types of influenza

Answer 23

A, B, and C

Question 24

hemagglutinin proteins

Answer 24

attach to cell
H1 through H16

Question 25

neuraminidase proteins

Answer 25

used for escape N1 through N9

Question 26

antigenic drift definition

Answer 26

slow accumulation of mutations via replication

Question 27

antigenic shift definition

Answer 27

reshuffling of genetic material

Question 28

is antigenic drift or antigenic shift more dangeroys

Answer 28

antigenic shift

Question 29

case definition

Answer 29

list of common symptoms developed by doctor and patient reports

Question 30

characteristics of a case

Answer 30

time place personal

Question 31

time characteristic

Answer 31

when people are getting sick

Question 32

place characteristic

Answer 32

where individuals live, and where they are getting sick

Question 33

personal characteristic

Answer 33

who is getting sick (age, sex, cultural background, etc)

Question 34

case-control study

Answer 34

determine what factors link affected individuals and distinguish them from unaffected individuals

Question 35

types of emerging and re-emerging diseases

Answer 35

1. invasion of a new host population by known pathogen 2. appearance of completely new, previously unknown pathogen 3. association of a well-known disease with a new pathogen 4. increased virulence or a newed problem with a well-known pathogen

Question 36

example of the invasion of a new host population by a known pathogen

Answer 36

zika virus

Question 37

zika virus

Answer 37

first isolated in monkeys in Uganda in 1947, had outbreaks in mid 2000s and early 2010s causes microcephaly vector: aedes mosquito

Question 38

example of the appearance of a completely new, previously unknown pathogen

Answer 38

ebola

Question 39

ebola

Answer 39

first cases in 1976 in Congo and Sudan, causes hemorrhagic fever and has a high mortality rate (90%) vector: bats? new medication and vaccines since 2013-2014 outbreak

Question 40

example of an association between a well-known disease and a new pathogen

Answer 40

gastric ulcers caused by Heliobacter pylori

Question 41

examples of increased virulence or a renewed problem with a well-known pathogen

Answer 41

re-emerging diseases multi-drug resistance