Host Defenses II

Question 1

what is the third line of defense

Answer 1

adaptive immune response

Question 2

immunological memory

Answer 2

rapid immune response during secondary exposure

Question 3

which cell is the cellular response

Answer 3

T cells

Question 4

which cell is the humoral response

Answer 4

B cell

Question 5

goal of the adaptive immune system

Answer 5

eliminate an identified pathogen and remember it for next time

Question 6

immunogenicity

Answer 6

ability of an antigen to cause an immune response

Question 7

epitopes

Answer 7

specific molecular pattern recognized by immune system

Question 8

complete antigens examples

Answer 8

proteins
polysaccharides
lipids

Question 9

incomplete antigens

Answer 9

small molecules

Question 10

4 stages of adaptive immunity

Answer 10

1. antigen presentation
2. lymphocyte activation
3. lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation
4. antigen elimination and memory

Question 11

what activates the B or T cell

Answer 11

binding

Question 12

clonal expansion

Answer 12

proliferation

Question 13

what are CD proteins

Answer 13

cluster of differentiation proteins

Question 14

important CD proteins

Answer 14

CD4 (helper) and CD8 (cytotoxic)

Question 15

T cytotoxic cells

Answer 15

destroy cells

Question 16

T helper cells

Answer 16

release cytokines

Question 17

B cells (plasma cells)

Answer 17

secrete antibodies

Question 18

B cells (memory cells)

Answer 18

remember pathogen

Question 19

what does MHC mean

Answer 19

major histocompatibility complex

Question 20

what does the MHC do

Answer 20

present antigen to immune system
either class 1 or 2

Question 21

MHC 1

Answer 21

on all cells except RBCs
unique to individuals
activate CD8 T cells

Question 22

T cell activation

Answer 22

different signals lead to different cascades

Question 23

T helper cell differentiation

Answer 23

depends on cytokine release from APCs

Question 24

what are APCs

Answer 24

antigen presenting cells

Question 25

effector T cells

Answer 25

cytotoxic destroys cells with antigen helper cells recruit other leukocytes

Question 26

how to T cytotoxic cells destroy cells

Answer 26

perforins and granzymes

Question 27

what do perforins do

Answer 27

form holes

Question 28

what do granzymes do

Answer 28

activate apoptosis

Question 29

memory T cells

Answer 29

provide quick response to secondary exposure both helper and cytotoxic cells

Question 30

T regulatory cells

Answer 30

decrease immune response after infection

Question 31

stages of humoral response

Answer 31

1. B cells present antigens 2. T-dependent B cell activation 3. B cell proliferation and differentiation 4. plasma cells release antibodies and memory cells go to lymphatic tissue

Question 32

which MHC does the humoral response use

Answer 32

MHC 2

Question 33

MHC 2 recognizes which antigens

Answer 33

extracellular

Question 34

MHC 1 recognizes which antigens

Answer 34

intracellular

Question 35

antibody monomeric structure

Answer 35

2 heavy chains 2 light chains antigen-binding sites

Question 36

what is an Ig

Answer 36

immunoglobulin

Question 37

antibodies can

Answer 37

1. neutralize 2. activate compliment 3. increase phagocytosis

Question 38

types of antibodies to know

Answer 38

IgM, IgG, IgA

Question 39

IgM percentage

Answer 39

10%

Question 40

IgM function

Answer 40

first antibody

Question 41

IgG percentage

Answer 41

80%

Question 42

IgG function

Answer 42

predominant antibody

Question 43

IgA percentage

Answer 43

10%

Question 44

IgA function

Answer 44

protects mucous membranes

Question 45

gene-shuffling

Answer 45

generates diverse repertoire of antigen receptors

Question 46

how does the body not recognize itself

Answer 46

self-tolerance

Question 47

how to build self-tolerance

Answer 47

cells screened prior to release if they are self-identifying they are destroyed

Question 48

immunological memory is conferred by

Answer 48

memory cells

Question 49

antibody titer

Answer 49

amount of Ab present in blood