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Microbiology > Host Defenses II > Flashcards

Host Defenses II Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the third line of defense

A

adaptive immune response

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2
Q

immunological memory

A

rapid immune response during secondary exposure

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3
Q

which cell is the cellular response

A

T cells

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4
Q

which cell is the humoral response

A

B cell

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5
Q

goal of the adaptive immune system

A

eliminate an identified pathogen and remember it for next time

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6
Q

immunogenicity

A

ability of an antigen to cause an immune response

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7
Q

epitopes

A

specific molecular pattern recognized by immune system

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8
Q

complete antigens examples

A

proteins
polysaccharides
lipids

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9
Q

incomplete antigens

A

small molecules

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10
Q

4 stages of adaptive immunity

A
  1. antigen presentation
  2. lymphocyte activation
  3. lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation
  4. antigen elimination and memory
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11
Q

what activates the B or T cell

A

binding

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12
Q

clonal expansion

A

proliferation

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13
Q

what are CD proteins

A

cluster of differentiation proteins

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14
Q

important CD proteins

A

CD4 (helper) and CD8 (cytotoxic)

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15
Q

T cytotoxic cells

A

destroy cells

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16
Q

T helper cells

A

release cytokines

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17
Q

B cells (plasma cells)

A

secrete antibodies

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18
Q

B cells (memory cells)

A

remember pathogen

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19
Q

what does MHC mean

A

major histocompatibility complex

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20
Q

what does the MHC do

A

present antigen to immune system
either class 1 or 2

21
Q

MHC 1

A

on all cells except RBCs
unique to individuals
activate CD8 T cells

22
Q

T cell activation

A

different signals lead to different cascades

23
Q

T helper cell differentiation

A

depends on cytokine release from APCs

24
Q

what are APCs

A

antigen presenting cells

25
Q

effector T cells

A

cytotoxic destroys cells with antigen
helper cells recruit other leukocytes

26
Q

how to T cytotoxic cells destroy cells

A

perforins and granzymes

27
Q

what do perforins do

A

form holes

28
Q

what do granzymes do

A

activate apoptosis

29
Q

memory T cells

A

provide quick response to secondary exposure
both helper and cytotoxic cells

30
Q

T regulatory cells

A

decrease immune response after infection

31
Q

stages of humoral response

A
  1. B cells present antigens
  2. T-dependent B cell activation
  3. B cell proliferation and differentiation
  4. plasma cells release antibodies and memory cells go to lymphatic tissue
32
Q

which MHC does the humoral response use

A

MHC 2

33
Q

MHC 2 recognizes which antigens

A

extracellular

34
Q

MHC 1 recognizes which antigens

A

intracellular

35
Q

antibody monomeric structure

A

2 heavy chains
2 light chains
antigen-binding sites

36
Q

what is an Ig

A

immunoglobulin

37
Q

antibodies can

A
  1. neutralize
  2. activate compliment
  3. increase phagocytosis
38
Q

types of antibodies to know

A

IgM, IgG, IgA

39
Q

IgM percentage

A

10%

40
Q

IgM function

A

first antibody

41
Q

IgG percentage

A

80%

42
Q

IgG function

A

predominant antibody

43
Q

IgA percentage

A

10%

44
Q

IgA function

A

protects mucous membranes

45
Q

gene-shuffling

A

generates diverse repertoire of antigen receptors

46
Q

how does the body not recognize itself

A

self-tolerance

47
Q

how to build self-tolerance

A

cells screened prior to release
if they are self-identifying they are destroyed

48
Q

immunological memory is conferred by

A

memory cells

49
Q

antibody titer

A

amount of Ab present in blood

Microbiology (24 decks)

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