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Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

genotype determines

A

phenotype

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2
Q

genome

A

entire collection of genetic material in a cell or virus

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3
Q

gene

A

heritable units of genetic material that defines a particular trait

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4
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup

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5
Q

phenotype

A

physiological or physical traits

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6
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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7
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid

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8
Q

chromosomes

A

genome organized into packaged strands of DNA
number does not influence organism complexity

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9
Q

prokaryote chromosomes

A

1 - 3 chromosomes
typically circular

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10
Q

eukaryotic chromosomes

A

numerous linear chromosomes
histones
mitochondria and chloroplasts have chromosomes similar to prokaryotes

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11
Q

histones

A

DNA wrapped around
compressed into chromatin fibers

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12
Q

plasmids

A

circular and extrachromosomal

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13
Q

nucleic acids are built from

A

nucleotides

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14
Q

parts of a nucleotide

A

phosphate
sugar
nitrogen base
RNA

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15
Q

what does phosphate do

A

link nucleotides

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16
Q

what are the two types of sugars

A

deoxyribose and ribose

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17
Q

what are the two types of nitrogen bases

A

purine and pyrimidine

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18
Q

DNA is a

A

double helix

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19
Q

RNA is a

A

single strand

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20
Q

DNA strands are

A

antiparallel

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21
Q

central dogma of biology

A

DNA transcribes RNA
RNA translates into protein

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22
Q

DNA replication is

A

the process by which a cell copies its genome before division
typically fast and accurate
few mutations, but there is proofreading
semiconservative

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23
Q

semiconservative process

A

1 parent strand and 1 new strands

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24
Q

leading strand

A

continuous replication

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25
lagging strand
discontinuous replication
26
DNA Polymerase III
places DNA
27
DNA Polymerase I
replaces RNA primer with DNA
28
ligase
glues the strand together
29
okazaki fragments
disjointed DNA fragments that need to be linked together
30
eukaryotic DNA replication
takes longer and needs more factors multiple replication sites slower
31
gene expression
make proteins
32
transcription steps
initiation elongation termination
33
initiation
start
34
elongation
build
35
termination
stop
36
where does transcription take place in prokaryotes
cytoplasm
37
where does transcription take place in eukaryotes
nucleus
38
RNA polymerase
binds to promoter places complementary ribonucleotides continues until termination site
39
eukaryotic cells have
exons introns spliceosomes alternative splicing
40
exons
necessary information
41
introns
extra bits, unneeded
42
spliceosome
remove introns and join exons
43
alternative splicing
create alternative products from same base materials very tightly regulated
44
where does the mRNA go after the nucleus in eukaryotic cells
the ER
45
prokaryotic cell RNA splicing
no introns no mRNA
46
types of RNA
mRNA tRNA rRNA
47
mRNA
messenger RNA carries genetic code
48
tRNA
transfer RNA brings amino acids to build protein
49
rRNA
ribosomal RNA builds ribosomes
50
codons are made up of
3 nucleotides
51
how many triplet codes are there
64
52
how many coding codons are there
60
53
how many stop codons are there
3
54
how many start codons are there
1
55
protein synthesis comes from
mRNA template
56
where does translation take place in all cells
cytoplasm (ER in eukaryotes)
57
ribosomes
rRNA and proteins EPA sites large and small subunits
58
A site
aminoacyl-tRNA binding site new guy comes in
59
P site
peptide-tRNA binding site new guy binds
60
E site
exit site tRNA exits
61
in eukaryotic cells most mRNA encodes for
single protein
62
in prokaryotic cells mRNA is commonly
polycistronic
63
polycistronic
one strand encodes multiple genes and makes proteins right off the bat
64
post-translational modification
can occur, mostly in eukaryotes
65
how much of a cells genome is expressed at any given time
20%
66
constitutive genes
housekeeping genes constantly made
67
facultative genes
have an on/off
68
pre-transcription regulation
operons
69
operons
collection of genes controlled by shared regulatory elements
70
parts of an operon
promoter genes repressor operator
71
promoter
region RNA polymerase binds to
72
repressor
protein that turns gene off
73
operator
DNA sequence the repressor binds to
74
inducible operon
OFF by default
75
repressible operon
ON by default
76
example of an inducible operon
lactose operon
77
example of a repressible operon
arginine operon
78
mutations
change in the genetic material of a cell or virus can be good, neutral, or bad
79
types of mutations
substitution insertion deletion
80
substitution
incorrect nucleotide added in place of what is supposed to be there
81
insertion
addition of one of more nucleotides
82
deletion
removal of one or more nucleotides
83
neutral (silent) mutation
amino acid does not change
84
missense mutation
wrong amino acid in protein
85
nonsense mutation
early stop, do not have full protein
86
reversion mutation
change back to normal
87
frameshift mutation
alters all amino acids at and after insertion/deletion
88
spontaneous mutations
naturally occurring due to error in DNA replication important for evolution
89
mutagens
agents that increase rate of mutation
90
carcinogens
mutagens that promote the development of cancers
91
chemical mutagens
organic or inorganic agents arsenic, asbestos, tobacco smoke
92
physical mutagens
UV light, x-rays, radioactive gamma rays
93
biological mutagens
cause recombination certain viruses, transposons
94
recombination
exchange of genetic material that leads to new combinations
95
what has proofreading capabilities
DNA polymerase
96
excision repair
damaged DNA is clipped and removed DNA Pol I lays down new nucleotides
97
in single-celled organisms, more damage than repair leads to
death
98
in animals, more damage than repair leads to
cancer
99
vertical gene transfer
cells passing genetic information from parent cell to offspring
100
horizontal gene transfer
passing genetic information between cells independent of cell division
101
types of horizontal gene transfer
conjugation transformation transduction transposons
102
conjugation
not sexual reproduction requires fertility plasmid needs pilus
103
pilus
allows for conjugation to occur the bridge between cells
104
transformation
take up DNA from environment
105
Griffith's Experiment
1920s Frederick Griffith discovered transformation
106
transduction
introduction of new genetic material into bacterial cell by a bacteriophage

Microbiology (24 decks)

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