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Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

genotype determines

A

phenotype

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2
Q

genome

A

entire collection of genetic material in a cell or virus

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3
Q

gene

A

heritable units of genetic material that defines a particular trait

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4
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup

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5
Q

phenotype

A

physiological or physical traits

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6
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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7
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid

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8
Q

chromosomes

A

genome organized into packaged strands of DNA
number does not influence organism complexity

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9
Q

prokaryote chromosomes

A

1 - 3 chromosomes
typically circular

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10
Q

eukaryotic chromosomes

A

numerous linear chromosomes
histones
mitochondria and chloroplasts have chromosomes similar to prokaryotes

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11
Q

histones

A

DNA wrapped around
compressed into chromatin fibers

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12
Q

plasmids

A

circular and extrachromosomal

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13
Q

nucleic acids are built from

A

nucleotides

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14
Q

parts of a nucleotide

A

phosphate
sugar
nitrogen base
RNA

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15
Q

what does phosphate do

A

link nucleotides

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16
Q

what are the two types of sugars

A

deoxyribose and ribose

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17
Q

what are the two types of nitrogen bases

A

purine and pyrimidine

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18
Q

DNA is a

A

double helix

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19
Q

RNA is a

A

single strand

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20
Q

DNA strands are

A

antiparallel

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21
Q

central dogma of biology

A

DNA transcribes RNA
RNA translates into protein

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22
Q

DNA replication is

A

the process by which a cell copies its genome before division
typically fast and accurate
few mutations, but there is proofreading
semiconservative

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23
Q

semiconservative process

A

1 parent strand and 1 new strands

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24
Q

leading strand

A

continuous replication

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25
Q

lagging strand

A

discontinuous replication

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26
Q

DNA Polymerase III

A

places DNA

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27
Q

DNA Polymerase I

A

replaces RNA primer with DNA

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28
Q

ligase

A

glues the strand together

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29
Q

okazaki fragments

A

disjointed DNA fragments that need to be linked together

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30
Q

eukaryotic DNA replication

A

takes longer and needs more factors
multiple replication sites
slower

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31
Q

gene expression

A

make proteins

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32
Q

transcription steps

A

initiation
elongation
termination

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33
Q

initiation

A

start

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34
Q

elongation

A

build

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35
Q

termination

A

stop

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36
Q

where does transcription take place in prokaryotes

A

cytoplasm

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37
Q

where does transcription take place in eukaryotes

A

nucleus

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38
Q

RNA polymerase

A

binds to promoter
places complementary ribonucleotides
continues until termination site

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39
Q

eukaryotic cells have

A

exons
introns
spliceosomes
alternative splicing

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40
Q

exons

A

necessary information

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41
Q

introns

A

extra bits, unneeded

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42
Q

spliceosome

A

remove introns and join exons

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43
Q

alternative splicing

A

create alternative products from same base materials
very tightly regulated

44
Q

where does the mRNA go after the nucleus in eukaryotic cells

A

the ER

45
Q

prokaryotic cell RNA splicing

A

no introns
no mRNA

46
Q

types of RNA

A

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

47
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA
carries genetic code

48
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA
brings amino acids to build protein

49
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA
builds ribosomes

50
Q

codons are made up of

A

3 nucleotides

51
Q

how many triplet codes are there

A

64

52
Q

how many coding codons are there

A

60

53
Q

how many stop codons are there

A

3

54
Q

how many start codons are there

A

1

55
Q

protein synthesis comes from

A

mRNA template

56
Q

where does translation take place in all cells

A

cytoplasm (ER in eukaryotes)

57
Q

ribosomes

A

rRNA and proteins
EPA sites
large and small subunits

58
Q

A site

A

aminoacyl-tRNA binding site
new guy comes in

59
Q

P site

A

peptide-tRNA binding site
new guy binds

60
Q

E site

A

exit site
tRNA exits

61
Q

in eukaryotic cells most mRNA encodes for

A

single protein

62
Q

in prokaryotic cells mRNA is commonly

A

polycistronic

63
Q

polycistronic

A

one strand encodes multiple genes and makes proteins right off the bat

64
Q

post-translational modification

A

can occur, mostly in eukaryotes

65
Q

how much of a cells genome is expressed at any given time

A

20%

66
Q

constitutive genes

A

housekeeping genes
constantly made

67
Q

facultative genes

A

have an on/off

68
Q

pre-transcription regulation

A

operons

69
Q

operons

A

collection of genes controlled by shared regulatory elements

70
Q

parts of an operon

A

promoter
genes
repressor
operator

71
Q

promoter

A

region RNA polymerase binds to

72
Q

repressor

A

protein that turns gene off

73
Q

operator

A

DNA sequence the repressor binds to

74
Q

inducible operon

A

OFF by default

75
Q

repressible operon

A

ON by default

76
Q

example of an inducible operon

A

lactose operon

77
Q

example of a repressible operon

A

arginine operon

78
Q

mutations

A

change in the genetic material of a cell or virus
can be good, neutral, or bad

79
Q

types of mutations

A

substitution
insertion
deletion

80
Q

substitution

A

incorrect nucleotide added in place of what is supposed to be there

81
Q

insertion

A

addition of one of more nucleotides

82
Q

deletion

A

removal of one or more nucleotides

83
Q

neutral (silent) mutation

A

amino acid does not change

84
Q

missense mutation

A

wrong amino acid in protein

85
Q

nonsense mutation

A

early stop, do not have full protein

86
Q

reversion mutation

A

change back to normal

87
Q

frameshift mutation

A

alters all amino acids at and after insertion/deletion

88
Q

spontaneous mutations

A

naturally occurring due to error in DNA replication
important for evolution

89
Q

mutagens

A

agents that increase rate of mutation

90
Q

carcinogens

A

mutagens that promote the development of cancers

91
Q

chemical mutagens

A

organic or inorganic agents
arsenic, asbestos, tobacco smoke

92
Q

physical mutagens

A

UV light, x-rays, radioactive gamma rays

93
Q

biological mutagens

A

cause recombination
certain viruses, transposons

94
Q

recombination

A

exchange of genetic material that leads to new combinations

95
Q

what has proofreading capabilities

A

DNA polymerase

96
Q

excision repair

A

damaged DNA is clipped and removed
DNA Pol I lays down new nucleotides

97
Q

in single-celled organisms, more damage than repair leads to

A

death

98
Q

in animals, more damage than repair leads to

A

cancer

99
Q

vertical gene transfer

A

cells passing genetic information from parent cell to offspring

100
Q

horizontal gene transfer

A

passing genetic information between cells independent of cell division

101
Q

types of horizontal gene transfer

A

conjugation
transformation
transduction
transposons

102
Q

conjugation

A

not sexual reproduction
requires fertility plasmid
needs pilus

103
Q

pilus

A

allows for conjugation to occur
the bridge between cells

104
Q

transformation

A

take up DNA from environment

105
Q

Griffith’s Experiment

A

1920s
Frederick Griffith
discovered transformation

106
Q

transduction

A

introduction of new genetic material into bacterial cell by a bacteriophage

Microbiology (24 decks)

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