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Microbiology > Metabolism and Growth > Flashcards

Metabolism and Growth Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

metabolism

A

chemical reactions designed to break down substances to release energy OR reactions that use energy to build new substances

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2
Q

catabolic pathway

A

breaking down

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3
Q

anabolic pathway

A

building up

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4
Q

amphibolic pathway

A

breaking down and building up

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5
Q

exergonic reactions

A

releasing energy

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6
Q

endergonic reactions

A

using energy

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7
Q

metabolic currency

A

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

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8
Q

redox reactions

A

oxidation reactions and reduction reactions

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9
Q

oxidation

A

loses an electron, gains a positive charge

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10
Q

reduction

A

gains an electron, gains a negative charge

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11
Q

coenzyme

A

electron taxi

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12
Q

stages of cell respiration

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. Krebs cycle
  3. electron transport chain
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13
Q

prokaryotic cell

A

glycolysis and krebs in cytoplasm
ETC in plasma membrane

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14
Q

eukaryotic cell

A

glycolysis in cytoplasm
krebs and ETC in mitochondria

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15
Q

glycolysis

A

“splitting of sugar”
net gain: 2 ATP and 2 NADH
makes: 2 molecules pyruvate

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16
Q

Krebs cycle

A

happens 2x per glucose molecule
release carbon through CO2
makes TONS of taxis

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17
Q

electron transport chain

A

net gain: 34 - 35 ATP
shuffle electrons to get protons out
protons reenter to build ATP (ATP synthase)

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18
Q

chemiosmosis

A

movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane, down electrochemical gradient

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19
Q

aerobic terminal electron acceptor

A

oxygen

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20
Q

anaerobic terminal electron acceptor

A

something other than oxygen

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21
Q

nitrogen fixing bacteria terminal electron acceptor

A

nitrate

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22
Q

methanogens terminal electron acceptor

A

carbonate

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23
Q

sulfate reducers terminal electron acceptor

A

sulfate

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24
Q

does respiration use the electron chain

A

yes

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25
Q

does fermentation use the electron chain

A

no

26
Q

fermentation uses

A

only glycolysis

27
Q

exoenzymes

A

secrete enzymes to break down nutrients to get into cells

28
Q

lipids are broken down by

A

lipases

29
Q

proteins are broken down by

A

proteases and peptidases

30
Q

nucleic acids are broken down by

A

nucleases

31
Q

times fermentation is used in the body

A

using too much oxygen
exercise

32
Q

photosynthesis

A

sunlight as energy
carbon fixation

33
Q

heterotrophs

A

harvesting energy from biological molecules that are eaten or obtained

34
Q

autotrophs

A

make own molecules

35
Q

photoautotroph

A

use light for energy

36
Q

chemoautotroph

A

chemical energy in molecules for energy

37
Q

does metabolism influence growth rate

A

yes

38
Q

how do bacteria replicate

A

binary fission

39
Q

generation time

A

growth time/number of generations

40
Q

growth phases

A
  1. lag phase
  2. log phase
  3. stationary phase
  4. death phase
41
Q

lag phase

A

cells adjust to environment

42
Q

log phase

A

exponential cell growth

43
Q

stationary phase

A

cells dividing = cells dying

44
Q

death phase

A

more cells dying than dividing

45
Q

reactive oxygen species (ROS)

A

TOXIC
steals electrons from other things in cells

46
Q

how to aerobes deal with ROS

A

enzymes that detoxify

47
Q

do anaerobes deal with ROS

A

not really

48
Q

obligate aerobes

A

require oxygen, catalase-positive

49
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

cannot tolerate oxygen, catalase-negative

50
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

grow best with oxygen but do not need it, catalase-positive

51
Q

aerotolerant anaerobes

A

tolerate but do not use oxygen, catalase-positive

52
Q

microaerophiles

A

use small amounts of oxygen, have small amounts of catalase

53
Q

can bacteria regulate internal temperature

A

no

54
Q

what happens if bacteria is not at optimal temperature

A

protein denaturing
reactions slow down

55
Q

can bacteria regulate internal pH

A

to a degree, have optimal range

56
Q

acidophiles

A

proton pumps/specialized membranes to protect enzymes

57
Q

neutrophiles

A

most bacteria

58
Q

alkaliphiles

A

enrich plasma membrane with acidic compounds

59
Q

high-salt conditions

A

stress on microbial water balance

60
Q

plasmolysis

A

water rushes out of cell

61
Q

halophiles

A

microbes tolerate conditions up to 35% salt

62
Q

extremophiles

A

organisms that live in extreme conditions

Microbiology (18 decks)

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