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Microbiology > Metabolism and Growth > Flashcards

Metabolism and Growth Flashcards

1
Q

metabolism

A

chemical reactions designed to break down substances to release energy OR reactions that use energy to build new substances

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2
Q

catabolic pathway

A

breaking down

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3
Q

anabolic pathway

A

building up

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4
Q

amphibolic pathway

A

breaking down and building up

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5
Q

exergonic reactions

A

releasing energy

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6
Q

endergonic reactions

A

using energy

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7
Q

metabolic currency

A

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

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8
Q

redox reactions

A

oxidation reactions and reduction reactions

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9
Q

oxidation

A

loses an electron, gains a positive charge

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10
Q

reduction

A

gains an electron, gains a negative charge

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11
Q

coenzyme

A

electron taxi

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12
Q

stages of cell respiration

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. Krebs cycle
  3. electron transport chain
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13
Q

prokaryotic cell

A

glycolysis and krebs in cytoplasm
ETC in plasma membrane

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14
Q

eukaryotic cell

A

glycolysis in cytoplasm
krebs and ETC in mitochondria

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15
Q

glycolysis

A

“splitting of sugar”
net gain: 2 ATP and 2 NADH
makes: 2 molecules pyruvate

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16
Q

Krebs cycle

A

happens 2x per glucose molecule
release carbon through CO2
makes TONS of taxis

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17
Q

electron transport chain

A

net gain: 34 - 35 ATP
shuffle electrons to get protons out
protons reenter to build ATP (ATP synthase)

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18
Q

chemiosmosis

A

movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane, down electrochemical gradient

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19
Q

aerobic terminal electron acceptor

A

oxygen

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20
Q

anaerobic terminal electron acceptor

A

something other than oxygen

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21
Q

nitrogen fixing bacteria terminal electron acceptor

A

nitrate

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22
Q

methanogens terminal electron acceptor

A

carbonate

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23
Q

sulfate reducers terminal electron acceptor

A

sulfate

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24
Q

does respiration use the electron chain

A

yes

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25
does fermentation use the electron chain
no
26
fermentation uses
only glycolysis
27
exoenzymes
secrete enzymes to break down nutrients to get into cells
28
lipids are broken down by
lipases
29
proteins are broken down by
proteases and peptidases
30
nucleic acids are broken down by
nucleases
31
times fermentation is used in the body
using too much oxygen exercise
32
photosynthesis
sunlight as energy carbon fixation
33
heterotrophs
harvesting energy from biological molecules that are eaten or obtained
34
autotrophs
make own molecules
35
photoautotroph
use light for energy
36
chemoautotroph
chemical energy in molecules for energy
37
does metabolism influence growth rate
yes
38
how do bacteria replicate
binary fission
39
generation time
growth time/number of generations
40
growth phases
1. lag phase 2. log phase 3. stationary phase 4. death phase
41
lag phase
cells adjust to environment
42
log phase
exponential cell growth
43
stationary phase
cells dividing = cells dying
44
death phase
more cells dying than dividing
45
reactive oxygen species (ROS)
TOXIC steals electrons from other things in cells
46
how to aerobes deal with ROS
enzymes that detoxify
47
do anaerobes deal with ROS
not really
48
obligate aerobes
require oxygen, catalase-positive
49
obligate anaerobes
cannot tolerate oxygen, catalase-negative
50
facultative anaerobes
grow best with oxygen but do not need it, catalase-positive
51
aerotolerant anaerobes
tolerate but do not use oxygen, catalase-positive
52
microaerophiles
use small amounts of oxygen, have small amounts of catalase
53
can bacteria regulate internal temperature
no
54
what happens if bacteria is not at optimal temperature
protein denaturing reactions slow down
55
can bacteria regulate internal pH
to a degree, have optimal range
56
acidophiles
proton pumps/specialized membranes to protect enzymes
57
neutrophiles
most bacteria
58
alkaliphiles
enrich plasma membrane with acidic compounds
59
high-salt conditions
stress on microbial water balance
60
plasmolysis
water rushes out of cell
61
halophiles
microbes tolerate conditions up to 35% salt
62
extremophiles
organisms that live in extreme conditions

Microbiology (24 decks)

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