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Microbiology > Eukaryotic Diversity > Flashcards

Eukaryotic Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

Pre-scientific classification

A

plants and animals

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2
Q

Early modern classification

A

animals, plants, fungi, protozoans

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3
Q

modern classifications

A

Opisthokonts
Amoebozoa
Archaeplastida
Rhizaria
Alveolates
Stramenopiles
Discicristates
Excavates

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4
Q

fungi

A

absorptive nutrition
hyphae
chitin
ergosterol in membranes

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5
Q

absorptive nutrition

A

secrete extracellular enzymes to break down food which is then absorbed

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6
Q

hyphae

A

extended cellular filaments with multiple nuclei

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7
Q

septate

A

have septum

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8
Q

coenocytic

A

no septum

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9
Q

mycelium

A

branched mass of extended hyphae

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10
Q

chitin

A

cell wall in fungi
immense tensile strength

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11
Q

ergosterol

A

analog of cholesterol in fungi membranes

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12
Q

eumycota

A

Opisthokonts
recycle biomass of wood and leaves
help extend root systems of plants
help animal digestion

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13
Q

yeast

A

unicellular fungi
evolved in many different fungal taxi

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14
Q

saccharomyces cerevisiae

A

yeast
used to make bread, wine, beer
model organism for scientific research

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15
Q

candida albicans

A

vaginal microbiota and opportunistic infections
causes yeast infections

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16
Q

cryptococcus neoformans

A

opportunistic pathogen of AIDS patients

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17
Q

unicellular fungi reproductive cycle

A

some asexual
alternation of generations

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18
Q

alternation of generations

A

haploid: n
diploid: 2n
haploid gametes –> diploid form

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19
Q

multicellular fungi

A

ascomycota
basidiomycota

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20
Q

ascomycota

A

mycelia with paired nuclei
many produce pods (asci) of ascospores
some have large mushroom-like fruiting bodies (morels and truffles)
some form small asexual fruiting bodies (conidiophores)

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21
Q

penicillium

A

antibiotic penicillin

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22
Q

aspergillus

A

produces toxins such as aflatoxin
major cause of molds associated with dampness in homes

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23
Q

microsporum and trichophyton

A

ringworm skin infections

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24
Q

basidiomycota

A

cells with paired nuclei form mushrooms
“true mushroom” - large and intricate fruiting bodies (basidiospore)
some of world’s deadliest poisons
other for cooking (portobello)
underground mycelium
mycorrhizae

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25
Q

mycorrhizae

A

filamentous
gain sugar from trees, extend root network

26
Q

protists

A

single-celled and colonial eukaryotes other than fungi

27
Q

protozoa

A

protists that are single-celled heterotrophs

28
Q

amoebozoa

A

ameba
slime molds

29
Q

ameba

A

variable shape
phagocytosis
legionella
pseudopod for motility

30
Q

cytoplasmic streaming

A

official name for “tank movement” of ameba

31
Q

slime molds

A

thousands of ameba aggregating into complex, differentiated fruiting body
OR
singe ameba develops into giant multinucleated cell

32
Q

algae

A

eukaryotic microbes that contain a chloroplast
fix CO2
AKA phytoplankton

33
Q

primary algae

A

single ancestral endosymbiosis (also gives rise to plants)
green and red algae

34
Q

green algae

A

green chloroplasts
unicellular, filamentous, sheet forms
many different forms of multicellularity

35
Q

red algae

A

same origin as green algae
phycoerythrin - accessory photopigment that absorbs green light
diverse seaweeds, many edible to humans

36
Q

secondary algae

A

derive from ancestral protists that engulfed primary algae
2 membranes around chloroplast
mixotrophs

37
Q

mixotrophs

A

combine phototrophy and heterotrophy

38
Q

stramenopiles

A

diatoms and kelps

39
Q

diatoms

A

2 part silicate shells (frustules)
generate successfully smaller frustules

40
Q

kelps

A

“brown algae”
long, sheetlike fronds
important to coastal ocean and beaches
support communities in kelp forests
sargassum weeds

41
Q

sargassum weeds

A

Sargasso Sea
unrooted “forest” of kelp

42
Q

alveolates

A

includes predators, major algae groups, and the most successful group of parasitic eukaryotic microbes

43
Q

alveoli

A

flattened vacuoles within cell outer cortex

44
Q

ciliates

A

large numbers of cilia
cell propulsion
food acquisition

45
Q

paramecium

A

feed on bacteria and are fed on
oral groove to take in food
contractile vacuole to maintain osmotic balance
micronucleus and macronucleus

46
Q

paramecium micronucleus

47
Q

paramecium macronucleus

A

highly segmented DNA used for RNA and protein production

48
Q

categories to know of alveolate

A

alveoli
ciliates
paramecium
dinoflagellates
apicomplexans

49
Q

dinoflagellates

A

marine phytoplankton
2 long flagella
secondary/tertiary algae
some release toxins
alveolar plates

50
Q

alveolar plates

A

stiff, armor-like appearance
made of cellulose

51
Q

apicomplexians

A

apical structures
many human parasites
parasites of animals
complex

52
Q

apical structure

A

highly centralized structure that facilitates entry of parasite into host cell

53
Q

toxoplasma gondii

A

parasite carried by cats, can be given to humans and harm developing fetus

54
Q

plasmodium falciparum

55
Q

excavates

A

diverse and informal grouping
contains important parasites and pathogens
trypanosomatids
trypanosomes
metamonads

56
Q

trypanosomatids

A

obligate parasites
elongated cells with single flagella
leishmaniasis

57
Q

leishmaniasis

A

skin infection that can enter internal organs
can be fatal
carried by sand flies
S. American, Africa, Middle East

58
Q

trypanosomes

A

african sleeping sickness
chagas disease

59
Q

african sleeping sickness

A

tsetse fly in Africa
multiples in bloodstream, causes fever cycles
brain invasion causes uncontrolled sleeping that can lead to death

60
Q

chagas disease

A

related organism to african sleeping sickness
causes disease of heart
South/Central Americas
growing climate change threat

61
Q

metamonads

A

giardia - intestinal parasites
day-care centers
can contaminate water supplies in US
anaerobes - love intestinal tracts
cyst (inactive form) and trophozoite (active form)

Microbiology (24 decks)

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