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Microbiology > Microbial Evolution and Ecology > Flashcards

Microbial Evolution and Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

how old is Earth

A

4.5 - 4.6 billion years old

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2
Q

abiotic synthesis

A

biological molecules from inorganic precursors

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3
Q

Stanley Miller

A

1953
abiotic synthesis research using what we think the conditions were for early Earth

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4
Q

deepsea hydrothermal vents

A

best idea currently for what atmosphere was like

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5
Q

panspermia

A

seeding from space

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6
Q

ribozymes

A

RNA that copies itself/other strands

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7
Q

RNA World

A

early cells used RNA instead of DNA

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8
Q

life needs containment, which is theorized to be via

A

liposomes

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9
Q

liposomes are made from

A

phospholipids

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10
Q

prokaryotes came around

A

3.8 - 3.5 billion years ago

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11
Q

stromatolites

A

sedimentary rock formations
can have evidence of early prokaryotic cells

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12
Q

which is the likely first major metabolic pathway to evolve

A

glycolysis, it is universal across all life

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13
Q

photosynthesis

A

earliest forms did not use water or release oxygen

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14
Q

when did oxygenic photosynthesis occur? from who?

A

2.7 billion years ago
cyanobacteria

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15
Q

The Great Oxygenation Event

A

2 billion years ago
made oxygen prevalent in atmosphere

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16
Q

eukaryotes evolved

A

about 2 billion years ago, after oxygenation

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17
Q

how did eukaryotes evolve

A

endosymbiosis

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18
Q

eukaryotes and archaea share a common ancestor

A

lokiarcheota

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19
Q

lokiarcheota

A

oldest archaea
discovered in 2015

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20
Q

multicellular organisms

A

evolved 1.5 billion years ago
unicellular cells specialized
more advantages
slower rate of growth

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21
Q

natural selection

A

descent with modification

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22
Q

artificial selection

A

humans guiding evolution by selecting traits

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23
Q

example of selection in bacteria

A

drug resistance

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24
Q

vancomycin

A

antibiotic that targets normal cell wall

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25
Q

ecology

A

study of relationships of organisms to each other and to their environment

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26
Q

biotic interactions

A

between organisms

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27
Q

abiotic interactions

A

environmental

28
Q

population

A

all members of a species living in a defined geographical area

29
Q

ecological community

A

populations within a defined region

30
Q

ecosystem

A

ecological populations and abiotic factors of specific area

31
Q

food chain

A

path of food consumption
producers, herbivores, carnivores

32
Q

food web

A

more complex
omnivores, decomposers

33
Q

biomass

A

lessens as goes up food chain

34
Q

microenvironment

A

area immediately surround the organism

35
Q

biofilms

A

microbial community growing on a surface
play role in disease and antibiotic resistance

36
Q

quorum sensing

A

intercellular communication amongst bacteria

37
Q

autoinducers

A

chemical signal secreted by bacteria

38
Q

receptors

A

proteins that detect signals

39
Q

topsoil

A

mix of broken-down rock and dead plant matter
made of humus (organic substances)

40
Q

rhizosphere

A

soil environment surrounding root systems
has mycorrhizal associations

41
Q

microorganisms are important

A

primary producers

42
Q

phytoplankton

A

photosynthetic organisms, mainly algae and cyanobacteria

43
Q

zooplankton

A

protozoa, small crustaceans, other small organisms

44
Q

lake zones

A

photic
littoral
profundal
benthic

45
Q

photic zone

A

extends to deepest sunlight penetration
high oxygen content
phytoplankton only producers

46
Q

littoral zone

A

photic zone where light hits the bottom of multicellular aquatic plants serve as producers

47
Q

profundal zone

A

oxygen limited
sunken organic matter
facultative anaerobes abundant

48
Q

benthic zone

A

deepest region
including sediments
obligate anaerobes and methanogens abundant

49
Q

thermocline

A

sharp demarcation in temperature in water

50
Q

oligotrophs

A

can grow in relatively low levels of nutrients

51
Q

eutrophs

A

require high nutrient abundance

52
Q

algal blooms

A

excessive algal growth
high phosphate levels
warm temperatures

53
Q

cyanobacteria and water pollution

A

turns water green
turns environment anaerobic
eutrophication

54
Q

eutrophication

A

pendulum swing change in bacterial populations

55
Q

oceans also have these zones

A

pelagic
intertidal

56
Q

pelagic zone

A

within photic zone, in open-ocean

57
Q

intertidal zone

A

shoreline exposed to sea at high tide and air at low tide

58
Q

near-shore littoral zone

A

rich in nutrients from shore
green due to abundant photosynthetic phytoplankton

59
Q

what is the dissolved salt content in the ocean

60
Q

below ocean photic zone

A

dark, cold, low nutrients, high pressure

61
Q

barotolerant

A

organisms able to survive in high pressure

62
Q

exobiology

A

search for extraterrestrial life

63
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

atmospheric nitrogen cannot be used by plants or animals
some bacteria break it into ammonium ions

64
Q

ammonification

A

bacteria such as Proteus and Clostridium degrade dead organic matter

65
Q

nitrification

A

ammonium to nitrite
nitric to nitrate
nitrate back

66
Q

root nodules

A

houses nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Microbiology (24 decks)

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