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Microbiology > The Eukaryotic Cell > Flashcards

The Eukaryotic Cell Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

When did eukaryotes develop

A

1.6 - 2.7 billion years ago

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2
Q

endosymbiotic theory

A

mitochondrial origin
was a bacteria that was absorbed

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3
Q

evidence to support endosymbiotic theory

A

70S ribosomes
circular DNA
double membrane structure
similar shape and size

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4
Q

eukaryotic cell traits

A

structurally complex
defined nucleus
membrane-bound organelles
large size

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5
Q

classifications of eukaryotes

A

animals
plants
fungi
protists

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6
Q

animals

A

largest kingdom (over 7.5 million species)
helminths
roundworms
flatworms

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7
Q

helminths

A

parasitic worms

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8
Q

roundworms

A

hookworms
fecal/oral
uncooked food

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9
Q

flatworms

A

tapeworms
flukes
fecal/oral
contaminated water/food

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10
Q

plants

A

photosynthesis via chloroplasts
290,000 species, none pathogenic

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11
Q

fungi

A

over 600,000 species
yeast vs mold
dimorphic
saprobic
spores

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12
Q

yeast

A

unicellular fungi

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13
Q

mold

A

multicellular fungi
hyphae

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14
Q

hyphae

A

tubular structures
septate vs aseptate

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15
Q

septate hyphae

A

have septum

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16
Q

aseptate hyphae

A

no septum

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17
Q

dimorphic

A

cycle between yeast and mold

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18
Q

saprobic

A

decomposers

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19
Q

mycoses

A

diseases caused by fungi

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20
Q

microbiota

A

microorganisms in a healthy individual

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21
Q

spores

A

most prevalent reproductive strategy
asexual vs sexual

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22
Q

asexual spores

A

mitosis

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23
Q

sexual spores

A

meiosis
complementary mating strands

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24
Q

protists

A

diverse
protozoans

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25
Q

protozoans

A

“first animal”
unicellular
no true cell wall
asexual and sexual reproduction
4 groups based on motility

26
Q

groups of protozoans

A

amoeboid
flagellated
ciliated
spore forming

27
Q

plasma membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer
sterols

28
Q

sterols

A

cholesterol in animals

29
Q

cell wall

A

external to membrane
provide shape and protection
fungi have chitin
plants have cellulose

30
Q

glycocalyx

A

sticky extracellular layer
central to proper tissue development
can have part in infectivity
abnormal in certain cancer cells

31
Q

endocytosis

A

import into cell
pinocytosis
phagocytosis

32
Q

exocytosis

A

export out of cell
replaces plasma lost from endocytosis

33
Q

pinocytosis

A

“cell drinking”
dissolved substances
small vesicles

34
Q

phagocytosis

A

“cell eating”
undissolved substances
larger vesicles

35
Q

phagosome

A

vesicle for phagocytosis

36
Q

lysosome

A

vesicle containing hydrolytic enzymes

37
Q

phagolysosome

A

phagosome and lysosome together

38
Q

flagella

A

thicker and longer than prokaryotes
encased in plasma membrane
9+2 arrangement
wavelike motion

39
Q

cilia

A

short and numerous
only in eukaryotes
synchronized “rowing” motion
in upper respiratory tract

40
Q

ribosomes

A

protein factors
in cytoplasm or in ER

41
Q

cytoskeleton

A

intracellular network of protein fibers

42
Q

microtubules

A

“large” hollow tubes of tubulin
forms spindle during replication

43
Q

centrosome

A

2 centrioles near nucleus

44
Q

intermediate filaments

A

“medium” sized fibers

45
Q

microfilaments

A

“small” fibers made of actin

46
Q

myosin proteins

A

muscle contraction
transport

47
Q

nucleus

A

origin unknown
chromatin
nucleoplasm
nucleolus
nuclear envelope

48
Q

chromatin

A

loosely organized DNA and protein

49
Q

nucleolus

A

dense region enriched by RNA

50
Q

nuclear envelope

A

double-membrane structure

51
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

protein and lipid production
smooth vs rough

52
Q

smooth ER

A

lipid production

53
Q

rough ER

A

protein production

54
Q

golgi apparatus

A

cisternae
modify proteins and builds lipids
secretes vesicles for transport

55
Q

cisternae

A

flat, disk-like sacs

56
Q

vesicles

A

lipid bilayer sacs
transport
secretory
lysosomes
peroxisomes

57
Q

vacuoles

A

multiple vesicles creating a large sac

58
Q

mitochondria

A

makes ATP
number per cell varies
cell division, apoptosis, disease states
cristae

59
Q

cristae

A

small chambers

60
Q

chloroplasts

A

harvest energy from sunlight

Microbiology (24 decks)

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