The Eukaryotic Cell

Question 1

When did eukaryotes develop

Answer 1

1.6 - 2.7 billion years ago

Question 2

endosymbiotic theory

Answer 2

mitochondrial origin
was a bacteria that was absorbed

Question 3

evidence to support endosymbiotic theory

Answer 3

70S ribosomes
circular DNA
double membrane structure
similar shape and size

Question 4

eukaryotic cell traits

Answer 4

structurally complex
defined nucleus
membrane-bound organelles
large size

Question 5

classifications of eukaryotes

Answer 5

animals
plants
fungi
protists

Question 6

animals

Answer 6

largest kingdom (over 7.5 million species)
helminths
roundworms
flatworms

Question 7

helminths

Answer 7

parasitic worms

Question 8

roundworms

Answer 8

hookworms
fecal/oral
uncooked food

Question 9

flatworms

Answer 9

tapeworms
flukes
fecal/oral
contaminated water/food

Question 10

plants

Answer 10

photosynthesis via chloroplasts
290,000 species, none pathogenic

Question 11

fungi

Answer 11

over 600,000 species
yeast vs mold
dimorphic
saprobic
spores

Question 12

yeast

Answer 12

unicellular fungi

Question 13

mold

Answer 13

multicellular fungi
hyphae

Question 14

hyphae

Answer 14

tubular structures
septate vs aseptate

Question 15

septate hyphae

Answer 15

have septum

Question 16

aseptate hyphae

Answer 16

no septum

Question 17

dimorphic

Answer 17

cycle between yeast and mold

Question 18

saprobic

Answer 18

decomposers

Question 19

mycoses

Answer 19

diseases caused by fungi

Question 20

microbiota

Answer 20

microorganisms in a healthy individual

Question 21

spores

Answer 21

most prevalent reproductive strategy
asexual vs sexual

Question 22

asexual spores

Answer 22

mitosis

Question 23

sexual spores

Answer 23

meiosis
complementary mating strands

Question 24

protists

Answer 24

diverse
protozoans

Question 25

protozoans

Answer 25

"first animal" unicellular no true cell wall asexual and sexual reproduction 4 groups based on motility

Question 26

groups of protozoans

Answer 26

amoeboid flagellated ciliated spore forming

Question 27

plasma membrane

Answer 27

phospholipid bilayer sterols

Question 28

sterols

Answer 28

cholesterol in animals

Question 29

cell wall

Answer 29

external to membrane provide shape and protection fungi have chitin plants have cellulose

Question 30

glycocalyx

Answer 30

sticky extracellular layer central to proper tissue development can have part in infectivity abnormal in certain cancer cells

Question 31

endocytosis

Answer 31

import into cell pinocytosis phagocytosis

Question 32

exocytosis

Answer 32

export out of cell replaces plasma lost from endocytosis

Question 33

pinocytosis

Answer 33

"cell drinking" dissolved substances small vesicles

Question 34

phagocytosis

Answer 34

"cell eating" undissolved substances larger vesicles

Question 35

phagosome

Answer 35

vesicle for phagocytosis

Question 36

lysosome

Answer 36

vesicle containing hydrolytic enzymes

Question 37

phagolysosome

Answer 37

phagosome and lysosome together

Question 38

flagella

Answer 38

thicker and longer than prokaryotes encased in plasma membrane 9+2 arrangement wavelike motion

Question 39

cilia

Answer 39

short and numerous only in eukaryotes synchronized "rowing" motion in upper respiratory tract

Question 40

ribosomes

Answer 40

protein factors in cytoplasm or in ER

Question 41

cytoskeleton

Answer 41

intracellular network of protein fibers

Question 42

microtubules

Answer 42

"large" hollow tubes of tubulin forms spindle during replication

Question 43

centrosome

Answer 43

2 centrioles near nucleus

Question 44

intermediate filaments

Answer 44

"medium" sized fibers

Question 45

microfilaments

Answer 45

"small" fibers made of actin

Question 46

myosin proteins

Answer 46

muscle contraction transport

Question 47

nucleus

Answer 47

origin unknown chromatin nucleoplasm nucleolus nuclear envelope

Question 48

chromatin

Answer 48

loosely organized DNA and protein

Question 49

nucleolus

Answer 49

dense region enriched by RNA

Question 50

nuclear envelope

Answer 50

double-membrane structure

Question 51

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Answer 51

protein and lipid production smooth vs rough

Question 52

smooth ER

Answer 52

lipid production

Question 53

rough ER

Answer 53

protein production

Question 54

golgi apparatus

Answer 54

cisternae modify proteins and builds lipids secretes vesicles for transport

Question 55

cisternae

Answer 55

flat, disk-like sacs

Question 56

vesicles

Answer 56

lipid bilayer sacs transport secretory lysosomes peroxisomes

Question 57

vacuoles

Answer 57

multiple vesicles creating a large sac

Question 58

mitochondria

Answer 58

makes ATP number per cell varies cell division, apoptosis, disease states cristae

Question 59

cristae

Answer 59

small chambers

Question 60

chloroplasts

Answer 60

harvest energy from sunlight