Biotechnology

Question 1

genetic engineering

Answer 1

direct and purposeful manipulation of DNA

Question 2

recombinant DNA

Answer 2

DNA from one source is introduced into DNA of another host/cell
1970s - spliced DNA from virus into E coli
modern times - human insulin in E coli

Question 3

for DNA amplification you need

Answer 3

a lot of DNA

Question 4

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Answer 4

small amount of DNA, amplify
uses temperature cycles and nucleotides to build new DNA
uses DNA polymerase from thermophilic bacteria

Question 5

what thermophilic bacteria is used in PCR

Answer 5

thermos aquaticus (Taq polymerase) discovered in Yellowstone

Question 6

Reverse Transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR)

Answer 6

RNA to DNA

Question 7

gel electrophoresis

Answer 7

sample places in gel with microscopic pores
electrical current applied
rate of movement depends on charge

Question 8

DNA is ____ and is attracted to ____

Answer 8

negatively charged
positive charge

Question 9

DNA sequencing

Answer 9

determination of exact DNA nucleotide sequence

Question 10

genomics

Answer 10

sequencing and study of entire genomes

Question 11

metagenomics

Answer 11

study of genetic material from environmental samples
does not rely on culturing techniques
has uncovered new microbes

Question 12

transgenic DNA

Answer 12

have gene from at least one other species

Question 13

cloning

Answer 13

creation of copies of cell, gene, or entire organism

Question 14

what are cloning vectors

Answer 14

plasmids

Question 15

restriction enzymes

Answer 15

cut DNA at specific sequences
sticky ends or blunt ends

Question 16

CRISPR/Cas Systems

Answer 16

Clustered Regularly Interspersed Short Palindromic Repeats
prokaryotic immune response against phage
only needs Cas9 and “guide RNA”

Question 17

medical applications for genetically engineered bacteria

Answer 17

human insulin
clotting factors
interleukins

Question 18

medical applications for transgenic animals

Answer 18

delivery of foreign DNA into fertilized egg or early embryo

Question 19

medical applications for gene therapy

Answer 19

genetic diseases
SCID
melanoma

Question 20

what percent of soybeans in the US are genetically altered

Answer 20

90%

Question 21

agrobacterium tumefaciens

Answer 21

normally inserts plasmid DNA into plants causing tumors

Question 22

bacillus thuringiensis

Answer 22

gene producing anti-insect toxin
used in Bt corn