Microbial Pathogenesis

Question 1

infectious disease

Answer 1

illness caused by a pathogen

Question 2

true pathogen

Answer 2

always causes disease

Question 3

opportunistic pathogen

Answer 3

can cause disease, only under certain circumstances

Question 4

host

Answer 4

what is infected
ex. people

Question 5

sporadic cases of a disease

Answer 5

isolated infections in given population or region

Question 6

endemic cases of a disease

Answer 6

routinely detected in given population or region

Question 7

epidemic

Answer 7

widespread disease outbreak in particular region during specific time frame

Question 8

pandemic

Answer 8

epidemic that has spread to numerous countries

Question 9

emerging pathogens

Answer 9

newly identified pathogens
pathogens that previously caused only sporadic cases

Question 10

reemerging pathogens

Answer 10

infectious agent that was under control but is now resurfacing

Question 11

zoonotic diseases

Answer 11

spread by animals

Question 12

what percentage of emerging infections are zoonotic

Answer 12

60%

Question 13

six groups of pathogens

Answer 13

helminths
protozoans
fungi
bacteria
viruses
prions

Question 14

which group of pathogens is the most deadly

Answer 14

viruses

Question 15

helminths definition

Answer 15

eukaryotic multicellular animals (parasitic worms)

Question 16

protozoans definition

Answer 16

eukaryotic unicellular parasites

Question 17

fungi definition

Answer 17

eukaryotic unicellular and multicellular organisms

Question 18

bacteria definition

Answer 18

prokaryotic unicellular
some are obligate intracellular parasites and some are free living
usually smaller than eukaryotic cells

Question 19

viruses definition

Answer 19

NOT cells
infectious particles containing nucleic acid
usually smaller than prokaryotic cells

Question 20

prions definition

Answer 20

infectious proteins
have no genetic material
can cause certain proteins in host brain to fold incorrectly

Question 21

noncommunicable disease

Answer 21

not spread person to person

Question 22

communicable disease

Answer 22

does transmit person to person

Question 23

contagious definiton

Answer 23

easily transmitted from one host to next

Question 24

active infection

Answer 24

patient is symptomatic

Question 25

latent infection

Answer 25

host is asymptomatic

Question 26

acute infection

Answer 26

sick then has resolution

Question 27

chronic infection

Answer 27

obvious symptoms then low/undetectable levels

Question 28

signs definition

Answer 28

objective indicators of disease

Question 29

examples of signs

Answer 29

fever, rash, blood in stool

Question 30

symptoms definition

Answer 30

sensed by patient, subjective

Question 31

examples of symptoms

Answer 31

pain, fatigue, nausea

Question 32

steps of infection

Answer 32

1. maintenance in reservoir 2. transmission to host 3. invasion 4. adherence to tissue 5. infection 6. evasion of host defences 7. disease 8. exit

Question 33

reservoir definition

Answer 33

animate or inanimate habitat where pathogen is naturally found

Question 34

types of direct contact transmission

Answer 34

person to person animal environment vertical

Question 35

examples of person to person transmission

Answer 35

saliva, touching, sex

Question 36

examples of animal transmission

Answer 36

bite, touching

Question 37

examples of environment transmission

Answer 37

swimming, soil

Question 38

examples of vertical transmission

Answer 38

in utero, vaginal delivery, breast milk

Question 39

types of indirect contact transmission

Answer 39

airborne vehicle vector (biological) vector (mechanical)

Question 40

examples of airborne transmission

Answer 40

respiratory aerosols, windburn, stirred up animal droppings

Question 41

examples of vehicle transmission

Answer 41

foodborne, contaminated needles, contaminated water

Question 42

examples of vector (biological) transmission

Answer 42

mosquito bite, tick bite, flea bite

Question 43

examples of vector (mechanical) transmission

Answer 43

flies, cockroaches

Question 44

portal of entry

Answer 44

mucous membranes

Question 45

pathogenicity

Answer 45

capacity of a microbe to cause disease

Question 46

virulence

Answer 46

degree (or extent) of disease that a pathogen causes

Question 47

attenuated

Answer 47

still infectious, but does not cause disease

Question 48

are attenuated vaccines safe for immunocompromised people

Answer 48

no

Question 49

infectious dose-50 (ID50) definition

Answer 49

needed to establish infection in 50% of susceptible hosts

Question 50

lethal dose-50 (LD50) defintion

Answer 50

amount of toxin needed to kill 50% of untreated affected hosts

Question 51

adhesins

Answer 51

used to stick to host cells make ideal vaccine targets

Question 52

incubation period

Answer 52

time in which pathogen is replicating to cause disease

Question 53

chronic illness

Answer 53

pathogen is not destroyed

Question 54

stages of disease in host

Answer 54

1. incubation period 2. prodromal phase 3. acute phase 4. period of decline 5. convalescent phase

Question 55

prodromal phase

Answer 55

early symptoms develop

Question 56

acute phase

Answer 56

peak of disease

Question 57

period of decline

Answer 57

replication brought under control, symptoms start to decline

Question 58

convalescent phase

Answer 58

patient recovers

Question 59

exotoxins

Answer 59

bacterial proteins secreted into surrounding environment wide range of activity, specificity, and types

Question 60

endotoxin

Answer 60

gram-negative LPS dangerous in large amounts

Question 61

symptoms of endotoxins in lower amounts

Answer 61

fever, chills, body aches, low blood pressure, vomiting, inflammation

Question 62

symptoms of endotoxins in higher levels

Answer 62

septic shock, death

Question 63

cytopathic effects (CPE)

Answer 63

specific impact virus has on host cell can be damage or death

Question 64

host cell destruction

Answer 64

plasma membrane leaky immune response may destroy cell inclusion bodies

Question 65

inclusion bodies definition

Answer 65

large accumulations of viral proteins and nucleic acid

Question 66

oncogenes

Answer 66

cancer-causing genes