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Microbiology > The Chemistry of Life > Flashcards

The Chemistry of Life Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

atoms

A

smallest unit of elements

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2
Q

atomic number

A

proton number

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3
Q

ions

A

charged atoms

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4
Q

cation

A

overall positive

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5
Q

anion

A

overall negative

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6
Q

electron

A

negative charge
negligible mass

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7
Q

proton

A

positive charge
1 atomic mass unit

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8
Q

neutron

A

neutral charge
1 atomic mass unit

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9
Q

isotope

A

same number of protons
different number of neutrons

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10
Q

molecules

A

two or more atoms bonded together

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11
Q

molecular formula

A

ex. H2O

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12
Q

isomers

A

different molecular structures

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13
Q

functional groups

A

shared chemical properties

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14
Q

organic molecules

A

hydrogen and carbon

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15
Q

inorganic molecules

A

maybe carbon
no associating hydrogen

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16
Q

all cells are an

A

aqueous solution

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17
Q

parts of an aqueous solution

A

solvent
solute
concentration

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18
Q

solvent

A

dissolving agent

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19
Q

solute

A

dissolved substance

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20
Q

concentration

A

amount solute/unit solvent

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21
Q

pH (potential hydrogen)

A

measurement of overall acidity or basicity of solution

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22
Q

pH scale

A

0 - 14

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23
Q

salts

A

form when acids and bases react with each other

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24
Q

preferred pH for biochemical reactions

A

7.0

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25
Q

acids contribute

A

free protons

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26
Q

bases contribute

A

free hydroxyl groups

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27
Q

chemical bonds

A

forces that bind atoms in molecules

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28
Q

valence electrons

A

found in outer electron shell

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29
Q

ionic bonds

A

not very strong
oppositely charged ions
electrolytes

30
Q

covalent bonds

A

very strong
share one or more pairs of electrons

31
Q

polar covalent bond

A

unequal electron sharing (dipole)
can be used for other chemical reactions
ex. oxygen

32
Q

hydrogen bond

A

noncovalent interaction between dipoles

33
Q

intermolecular

A

2 or more molecules

34
Q

intramolecular

A

within large molecule

35
Q

chemical reactions

A

making and/or breaking of chemical bonds

36
Q

catalyst

A

increases rate of reaction

37
Q

synthesis reactions

A

build by combining reactants

38
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

water released/lost
ex. peptide bonds

39
Q

decomposition reactions

A

break down substances

40
Q

hydrolysis

A

adding water to break covalent bonds

41
Q

exchange reactions

A

swapping one or more components in a compound

42
Q

energy

A

chemical reactions consume or release energy
collision between atoms/molecules
reactants must be in proper orientation

43
Q

activation energy

A

energy needed for a reaction to occur

44
Q

exergonic reactions

A

release energy

45
Q

endergonic reactions

A

use energy

46
Q

equilibrium

A

not a static state

47
Q

biological macromolecules

A

carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acids
proteins

48
Q

polymerization

A

covalently linking monomers

49
Q

carbohydrates

A

organic molecules with at least one sugar monomer
2:1 ratio of H:O
linked by glyosidic bond
formed by dehydration synthesis
broken by hydrolysis

50
Q

carbohydrates functions

A

chief energy source
structural roles
mediators of adhesion, communication, sensing

51
Q

lipids

A

organic molecules of C, H, O
fats, oils, waxes, steroids
hydrophobic

52
Q

amphipathic

A

both hydrophobic and hydrophilic

53
Q

saturated lipids/fats

A

solid at room temp
no double bond

54
Q

unsaturated lipids/fats

A

liquid at room temp
double bonds

55
Q

fats and oils function

A

energy
structural role
cell signalling

56
Q

glycoprotein function

A

linked to carbs

57
Q

lipoprotein function

A

linked to proteins

58
Q

waxes function

A

protective
occassional energy source

59
Q

steroids function

A

cell signaling
structural role

60
Q

nucleic acids

A

genetic blueprint
DNA
RNA

61
Q

nucleic acid function

A

DNA/RNA = genetic blueprint
RNA makes proteins, ribosomes
ribonucleotides = energy (ATP)

62
Q

nucleic acid bonds

A

phosphodiester bonds

63
Q

proteins

A

“workhorse” of the cell
amino acids
R groups (change between amino acids)
peptide bonds

64
Q

protein functions

A

every biological function

65
Q

protein folding

A

primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary

66
Q

chaperones

A

aid in folding

67
Q

primary structure

A

peptide bonds link amino acids

68
Q

secondary structures

A

alpha helices
beta sheets

69
Q

tertiary structures

A

3D structures
noncovalent and covalent structures

70
Q

quaternary structure

A

2+ polypeptide chains link

Microbiology (9 decks)

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