The Chemistry of Life

Question 1

atoms

Answer 1

smallest unit of elements

Question 2

atomic number

Answer 2

proton number

Question 3

ions

Answer 3

charged atoms

Question 4

cation

Answer 4

overall positive

Question 5

anion

Answer 5

overall negative

Question 6

electron

Answer 6

negative charge
negligible mass

Question 7

proton

Answer 7

positive charge
1 atomic mass unit

Question 8

neutron

Answer 8

neutral charge
1 atomic mass unit

Question 9

isotope

Answer 9

same number of protons
different number of neutrons

Question 10

molecules

Answer 10

two or more atoms bonded together

Question 11

molecular formula

Answer 11

ex. H2O

Question 12

isomers

Answer 12

different molecular structures

Question 13

functional groups

Answer 13

shared chemical properties

Question 14

organic molecules

Answer 14

hydrogen and carbon

Question 15

inorganic molecules

Answer 15

maybe carbon
no associating hydrogen

Question 16

all cells are an

Answer 16

aqueous solution

Question 17

parts of an aqueous solution

Answer 17

solvent
solute
concentration

Question 18

solvent

Answer 18

dissolving agent

Question 19

solute

Answer 19

dissolved substance

Question 20

concentration

Answer 20

amount solute/unit solvent

Question 21

pH (potential hydrogen)

Answer 21

measurement of overall acidity or basicity of solution

Question 22

pH scale

Answer 22

0 - 14

Question 23

salts

Answer 23

form when acids and bases react with each other

Question 24

preferred pH for biochemical reactions

Answer 24

7.0

Question 25

acids contribute

Answer 25

free protons

Question 26

bases contribute

Answer 26

free hydroxyl groups

Question 27

chemical bonds

Answer 27

forces that bind atoms in molecules

Question 28

valence electrons

Answer 28

found in outer electron shell

Question 29

ionic bonds

Answer 29

not very strong oppositely charged ions electrolytes

Question 30

covalent bonds

Answer 30

very strong share one or more pairs of electrons

Question 31

polar covalent bond

Answer 31

unequal electron sharing (dipole) can be used for other chemical reactions ex. oxygen

Question 32

hydrogen bond

Answer 32

noncovalent interaction between dipoles

Question 33

intermolecular

Answer 33

2 or more molecules

Question 34

intramolecular

Answer 34

within large molecule

Question 35

chemical reactions

Answer 35

making and/or breaking of chemical bonds

Question 36

catalyst

Answer 36

increases rate of reaction

Question 37

synthesis reactions

Answer 37

build by combining reactants

Question 38

dehydration synthesis

Answer 38

water released/lost ex. peptide bonds

Question 39

decomposition reactions

Answer 39

break down substances

Question 40

hydrolysis

Answer 40

adding water to break covalent bonds

Question 41

exchange reactions

Answer 41

swapping one or more components in a compound

Question 42

energy

Answer 42

chemical reactions consume or release energy collision between atoms/molecules reactants must be in proper orientation

Question 43

activation energy

Answer 43

energy needed for a reaction to occur

Question 44

exergonic reactions

Answer 44

release energy

Question 45

endergonic reactions

Answer 45

use energy

Question 46

equilibrium

Answer 46

not a static state

Question 47

biological macromolecules

Answer 47

carbohydrates lipids nucleic acids proteins

Question 48

polymerization

Answer 48

covalently linking monomers

Question 49

carbohydrates

Answer 49

organic molecules with at least one sugar monomer 2:1 ratio of H:O linked by glyosidic bond formed by dehydration synthesis broken by hydrolysis

Question 50

carbohydrates functions

Answer 50

chief energy source structural roles mediators of adhesion, communication, sensing

Question 51

lipids

Answer 51

organic molecules of C, H, O fats, oils, waxes, steroids hydrophobic

Question 52

amphipathic

Answer 52

both hydrophobic and hydrophilic

Question 53

saturated lipids/fats

Answer 53

solid at room temp no double bond

Question 54

unsaturated lipids/fats

Answer 54

liquid at room temp double bonds

Question 55

fats and oils function

Answer 55

energy structural role cell signalling

Question 56

glycoprotein function

Answer 56

linked to carbs

Question 57

lipoprotein function

Answer 57

linked to proteins

Question 58

waxes function

Answer 58

protective occassional energy source

Question 59

steroids function

Answer 59

cell signaling structural role

Question 60

nucleic acids

Answer 60

genetic blueprint DNA RNA

Question 61

nucleic acid function

Answer 61

DNA/RNA = genetic blueprint RNA makes proteins, ribosomes ribonucleotides = energy (ATP)

Question 62

nucleic acid bonds

Answer 62

phosphodiester bonds

Question 63

proteins

Answer 63

"workhorse" of the cell amino acids R groups (change between amino acids) peptide bonds

Question 64

protein functions

Answer 64

every biological function

Question 65

protein folding

Answer 65

primary secondary tertiary quaternary

Question 66

chaperones

Answer 66

aid in folding

Question 67

primary structure

Answer 67

peptide bonds link amino acids

Question 68

secondary structures

Answer 68

alpha helices beta sheets

Question 69

tertiary structures

Answer 69

3D structures noncovalent and covalent structures

Question 70

quaternary structure

Answer 70

2+ polypeptide chains link