Autoimmunity and Vaccines

Question 1

immunodeficiency definition

Answer 1

lack of properly functioning immune system

Question 2

primary immunodeficiency

Answer 2

congenital (genetic)
inherited or spontaneous

Question 3

SPUR infections

Answer 3

Severe
Persistent
Uncommon
Recurring

Question 4

secondary immunodeficiency

Answer 4

acquired
more common

Question 5

causes of secondary immunodeficiency

Answer 5

age
burns
systemic disorders
medical care/medications
infectious agents

Question 6

autoimmunity

Answer 6

immune system attack against healthy tissue

Question 7

are autoimmune disorders chronic conditions

Answer 7

yes

Question 8

which sex do autoimmune disorders tend to affect more

Answer 8

females

Question 9

hypersensitivies

Answer 9

inappropriate, exaggerated response by the immune system to a “threat”
localized or systemic

Question 10

type 1 hypersensitivities

Answer 10

all allergies
atopic asthma
atopic dermatitis

Question 11

allergen

Answer 11

any antigen that triggers IgE productions and leads to an allergy

Question 12

allergy

Answer 12

immune system fights a perceived threat that would otherwise be harmless

Question 13

sensitizing exposure

Answer 13

IgE binds to surface of mast cell or basophils in response to allergens

Question 14

are developed countries more at risk for allergies

Answer 14

yes

Question 15

why are developed countries more at risk for allergies

Answer 15

hygiene hypothesis

Question 16

hygiene hypothesis

Answer 16

if immune system is not constantly fighting off real pathogens, it will fight whatever it wants/can

Question 17

systemic anaphylaxis

Answer 17

Anaphylactic shock
usually from ingested or injected allergen
can be life-threatening
epi-pen

Question 18

what do vaccines do

Answer 18

trigger the body’s immune response against infections

Question 19

variolation definition

Answer 19

infect someone with mild case for immunity

Question 20

example of variolation

Answer 20

smallpox

Question 21

when did Edward Jenner make the smallpox and cowpox discover

Answer 21

1796

Question 22

what was discovered by Edward Jenner

Answer 22

people who got cowpox didn’t get smallpox (or at least not as severe)

Question 23

when was smallpox eradicated

Answer 23

1980

Question 24

live attenuated vaccines

Answer 24

contains pathogens that are infectious but not pathogenic

Question 25

how are live attenuated vaccines not pathogenic

Answer 25

cell culture techniques or genetic manipulation

Question 26

pros of live attenuated vaccines

Answer 26

strong immune response and long lasting

Question 27

cons of live attenuated vaccines

Answer 27

can hurt immunocompromised or can mutate into a disease-causing form

Question 28

example of live attenuated vaccines

Answer 28

oral polio vaccine (OPV)

Question 29

what is the MMR vaccine

Answer 29

measles, mumps, rubella

Question 30

inactivated vaccines

Answer 30

whole inactivated pathogen or parts of pathogen

Question 31

pros of inactivated pathogens

Answer 31

easy to store/transport and safe for immunocompromised

Question 32

cons of inactivated pathogens

Answer 32

require boosters

Question 33

whole-agent vaccines

Answer 33

contain entire pathogen

Question 34

subunit vaccines

Answer 34

purified antigens or parts of agent
contain adjuvants

Question 35

adjuvants

Answer 35

stimulate immune response

Question 36

mRNA vaccines

Answer 36

use mRNA of virus to cause human cell to make antibodies to virus

Question 37

herd immunity

Answer 37

fewer disease-susceptible people in a community, harder for pathogen to be transmitted

Question 38

what percentage of people need to be vaccinated for herd immunity

Answer 38

85%
95% for measles and whooping cough