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Microbiology > Microbial Diseases III > Flashcards

Microbial Diseases III Flashcards

1
Q

what does the human urinary tract consist of

A

2 kidneys, 3 ureters, bladder, urethra

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2
Q

what do the kidneys do

A

produce urine, filter metabolic waste, regulate body water and electrolyte balance

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3
Q

what does the urethra do

A

flow of urine from bladder to exterior of body

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4
Q

urogenital disorders definiton

A

infections and disorders that may affect urinary and reproductive systems at the same time

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5
Q

what does STI stand for

A

sexually transmitted infection

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6
Q

can STIs affect both the urinary and reproductive systems at the same time

A

yes

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7
Q

what does UTI stand for

A

urinary tract infection

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8
Q

what is a UTI

A

infection that affects the urinary tract

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9
Q

which sex are UTIs more prevalent in

A

women

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10
Q

2 types of UTIs

A

uncomplicated and complicated

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11
Q

uncomplicated UTIs

A

occur in healthy people
readily resolves with prompt drug therapy

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12
Q

complicated UTIs

A

common with catheters
usually some malformation or other underlying condition

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13
Q

what are CAUTIs

A

catheter associated urinary tract infections

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14
Q

two areas affected by UTIs

A

lower and upper

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15
Q

symptoms of lower UTIs

A

dysuria, pyuria, and hematuria

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16
Q

dysuria

A

frequent and urgent urination that may be painful

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17
Q

pyuria

A

pus in urine

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18
Q

hematuria

A

blood in urine

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19
Q

symptoms of upper UTIs

A

fever, vomiting, nausea, abdominal pain, lower back pain

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20
Q

upper UTIs can lead to

A

permanent damage to kidneys

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21
Q

most common cause of UTIs

A

bacteria

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22
Q

examples of bacterial UTIs

A

UPEC and gram-positive bacteria

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23
Q

what does UPEC stand for

A

uropathogenic E. coli

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24
Q

how does UPEC impact the urinary system

A

it is motile to move upwards into urinary tract and cause infection

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25
Q

viral UTIs are

A

rare in healthy individuals

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26
Q

what causes fungal UTIs

A

candida

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27
Q

what type of fungus causes vaginal yeast infections

A

vulvovaginal candidiasis

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28
Q

symptom of fungal yeast infections

A

candiduria

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29
Q

what is candiduria

A

yeast in the urine

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30
Q

what is HSV-2

A

viral STI

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31
Q

how is HSV-2 contracted

A

sexually

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32
Q

can HSV-2 be cleared up

A

no, it is lifelong but can be latent

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33
Q

HSV-2 outbreak characterized by

A

genital sores

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34
Q

what is HPV

A

human papilloma virus
viral STI

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35
Q

what is the most common STI in the world

A

HPV

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36
Q

how long does it take HPV to clear

A

2 years

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37
Q

symptoms of HPV

A

asymptomatic

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38
Q

transmission of HPV

A

skin to skin contact

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39
Q

HPV can cause

A

genital warts or cancer

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40
Q

2 types of HPV

A

low-risk and high-risk

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41
Q

low-risk HPV causes

A

genital warts

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42
Q

high-risk HPV causes

A

genital cancers, associated with 90% of them

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43
Q

are there vaccines against HPV

A

yes, 3 different ones

44
Q

examples of bacterial STIs

A

chlamydia and gonorrhea

45
Q

scientific name for chlamydia

A

chlamydia trachomatis

46
Q

is chlamydia treatable/curable

47
Q

symptoms of chlamydia

A

none, “silent epidemic”

48
Q

scientific name for gonorrhea

A

neisseria gonorrhoeae

49
Q

symptoms of gonorrhea

A

asymptomatic

50
Q

is gonorrhea treatable/curable

51
Q

what happens if gonorrhea is not treated

A

potential permanent damage

52
Q

systemic infections often associated with which systems

A

cardiovascular and lymphatic

53
Q

sepsis definition

A

describes overwhelming immune response to infections

54
Q

is sepsis an infection

55
Q

does sepsis originate from systemic infection

A

not always

56
Q

potential sepsis symptoms

A
  • body temp >101 or <96.8
  • heart rate >90 bpm
  • increased respiration >20 breaths per min
  • increased WBC
57
Q

septic shock

A

tissue death and organ failure

58
Q

what is DIC

A

disseminated intravascular coagulation

59
Q

chance of dying from septic shock if not treated

60
Q

types of systemic infections

A

viral
protozoan

61
Q

retroviruses

A

use reverse transcriptase to convert RNA to DNA during infection in T helper cells

62
Q

what is HIV

A

human immunodeficiency virus

63
Q

HIV transmission

A

sexual contact, vertically, certain body fluids

64
Q

infection progression of HIV

A

acute infection, asymptomatic stage, AIDS

65
Q

what is AIDS

A

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

66
Q

normal range of T helper cells

A

500 - 1,500 cells/mm3

67
Q

AIDS range of T helper cells

A

<200 cells/mm3

68
Q

types of HIV drug therapies

A

ART
PrEP
PEP

69
Q

what is ART

A

antiretroviral therapies

70
Q

antiretroviral regimen of ART

A

2 RT inhibitors and 1 other drug

71
Q

what is PrEP

A

pre-exposure prophylaxis

72
Q

regimen of PrEP

A

2 drugs taken daily by HIV negative person

73
Q

what is PEP

A

post-exposure prophylaxis

74
Q

purpose of PEP

A

prevent HIV after exposure
ideally taken within 2 hours

75
Q

PEP length

A

28 day course of 3 drugs

76
Q

what is malaria

A

systemic protozoan infection

77
Q

vector is malaria

A

anopheles mosquitos

78
Q

what causes malaria

A

plasmodium species

79
Q

types of malaria

A

uncomplicated and complicated

80
Q

uncomplicated malaria symptoms

A

cold/hot/sweating stages that last 6 - 10 hours and repeat 2 - 3 days

81
Q

complicated malaria symptoms

A

similar episodic attacks
also anemia, low BP, excessive blood acidity

82
Q

complicated malaria can result in

A

kidney failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome, brain infection

83
Q

who is most impacted by complicated malaria

A

elderly, young, pregnant, immunocompromised

84
Q

plasmodium lifestyle

A

sporozoites, merozoites, gametocytes

85
Q

malaria treatment

A

chloroquine and other drugs

86
Q

malaria control

A

insecticides and bed nets
new vaccines

87
Q

common infections in pets

A

heartworms
distemper
FeLV
rabies

88
Q

heartworms vector

A

mosquitoes

89
Q

where does heartworm larva travel

A

heart and lungs

90
Q

lengths of heartworm

A

males: 5 - 6 in
females: 10 - 12 in

91
Q

ways to prevent/treat heartworm

92
Q

systems impacted by canine distemper

A

GI tract, respiratory tract, CNS

93
Q

general distemper symptoms

A

high fever, eye inflammation, labored breathing, lethargy

94
Q

is distemper contagious

95
Q

are there vaccines for distemper

96
Q

what is FeLV

A

feline leukemia virus

97
Q

what type of virus is FeLV

A

RNA retrovirus

98
Q

what does FeLV inhibit

A

immune system

99
Q

what is the most diagnosed cause of death in domestic cats

100
Q

FeLV symptoms

A

asymptomatic

101
Q

are there vaccines for FeLV

102
Q

what type of virus is rabies

103
Q

is rabies zoonotic

104
Q

stages of rabies infection in mammals

A

Stage 1: 1 - 3 days of behavior changes
Stage 2: 3 - 4 days of hyperactivity
Stage 3: paralytic stage

105
Q

does rabies have a vaccine

Microbiology (24 decks)

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