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Microbiology > Microbial Diseases III > Flashcards

Microbial Diseases III Flashcards

1
Q

what does the human urinary tract consist of

A

2 kidneys, 3 ureters, bladder, urethra

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2
Q

what do the kidneys do

A

produce urine, filter metabolic waste, regulate body water and electrolyte balance

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3
Q

what does the urethra do

A

flow of urine from bladder to exterior of body

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4
Q

urogenital disorders definiton

A

infections and disorders that may affect urinary and reproductive systems at the same time

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5
Q

what does STI stand for

A

sexually transmitted infection

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6
Q

can STIs affect both the urinary and reproductive systems at the same time

A

yes

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7
Q

what does UTI stand for

A

urinary tract infection

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8
Q

what is a UTI

A

infection that affects the urinary tract

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9
Q

which sex are UTIs more prevalent in

A

women

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10
Q

2 types of UTIs

A

uncomplicated and complicated

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11
Q

uncomplicated UTIs

A

occur in healthy people
readily resolves with prompt drug therapy

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12
Q

complicated UTIs

A

common with catheters
usually some malformation or other underlying condition

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13
Q

what are CAUTIs

A

catheter associated urinary tract infections

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14
Q

two areas affected by UTIs

A

lower and upper

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15
Q

symptoms of lower UTIs

A

dysuria, pyuria, and hematuria

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16
Q

dysuria

A

frequent and urgent urination that may be painful

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17
Q

pyuria

A

pus in urine

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18
Q

hematuria

A

blood in urine

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19
Q

symptoms of upper UTIs

A

fever, vomiting, nausea, abdominal pain, lower back pain

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20
Q

upper UTIs can lead to

A

permanent damage to kidneys

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21
Q

most common cause of UTIs

A

bacteria

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22
Q

examples of bacterial UTIs

A

UPEC and gram-positive bacteria

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23
Q

what does UPEC stand for

A

uropathogenic E. coli

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24
Q

how does UPEC impact the urinary system

A

it is motile to move upwards into urinary tract and cause infection

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25
viral UTIs are
rare in healthy individuals
26
what causes fungal UTIs
candida
27
what type of fungus causes vaginal yeast infections
vulvovaginal candidiasis
28
symptom of fungal yeast infections
candiduria
29
what is candiduria
yeast in the urine
30
what is HSV-2
viral STI
31
how is HSV-2 contracted
sexually
32
can HSV-2 be cleared up
no, it is lifelong but can be latent
33
HSV-2 outbreak characterized by
genital sores
34
what is HPV
human papilloma virus viral STI
35
what is the most common STI in the world
HPV
36
how long does it take HPV to clear
2 years
37
symptoms of HPV
asymptomatic
38
transmission of HPV
skin to skin contact
39
HPV can cause
genital warts or cancer
40
2 types of HPV
low-risk and high-risk
41
low-risk HPV causes
genital warts
42
high-risk HPV causes
genital cancers, associated with 90% of them
43
are there vaccines against HPV
yes, 3 different ones
44
examples of bacterial STIs
chlamydia and gonorrhea
45
scientific name for chlamydia
chlamydia trachomatis
46
is chlamydia treatable/curable
yes
47
symptoms of chlamydia
none, "silent epidemic"
48
scientific name for gonorrhea
neisseria gonorrhoeae
49
symptoms of gonorrhea
asymptomatic
50
is gonorrhea treatable/curable
yes
51
what happens if gonorrhea is not treated
potential permanent damage
52
systemic infections often associated with which systems
cardiovascular and lymphatic
53
sepsis definition
describes overwhelming immune response to infections
54
is sepsis an infection
NO
55
does sepsis originate from systemic infection
not always
56
potential sepsis symptoms
- body temp >101 or <96.8 - heart rate >90 bpm - increased respiration >20 breaths per min - increased WBC
57
septic shock
tissue death and organ failure
58
what is DIC
disseminated intravascular coagulation
59
chance of dying from septic shock if not treated
28 - 50%
60
types of systemic infections
viral protozoan
61
retroviruses
use reverse transcriptase to convert RNA to DNA during infection in T helper cells
62
what is HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
63
HIV transmission
sexual contact, vertically, certain body fluids
64
infection progression of HIV
acute infection, asymptomatic stage, AIDS
65
what is AIDS
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
66
normal range of T helper cells
500 - 1,500 cells/mm3
67
AIDS range of T helper cells
<200 cells/mm3
68
types of HIV drug therapies
ART PrEP PEP
69
what is ART
antiretroviral therapies
70
antiretroviral regimen of ART
2 RT inhibitors and 1 other drug
71
what is PrEP
pre-exposure prophylaxis
72
regimen of PrEP
2 drugs taken daily by HIV negative person
73
what is PEP
post-exposure prophylaxis
74
purpose of PEP
prevent HIV after exposure ideally taken within 2 hours
75
PEP length
28 day course of 3 drugs
76
what is malaria
systemic protozoan infection
77
vector is malaria
anopheles mosquitos
78
what causes malaria
plasmodium species
79
types of malaria
uncomplicated and complicated
80
uncomplicated malaria symptoms
cold/hot/sweating stages that last 6 - 10 hours and repeat 2 - 3 days
81
complicated malaria symptoms
similar episodic attacks also anemia, low BP, excessive blood acidity
82
complicated malaria can result in
kidney failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome, brain infection
83
who is most impacted by complicated malaria
elderly, young, pregnant, immunocompromised
84
plasmodium lifestyle
sporozoites, merozoites, gametocytes
85
malaria treatment
chloroquine and other drugs
86
malaria control
insecticides and bed nets new vaccines
87
common infections in pets
heartworms distemper FeLV rabies
88
heartworms vector
mosquitoes
89
where does heartworm larva travel
heart and lungs
90
lengths of heartworm
males: 5 - 6 in females: 10 - 12 in
91
ways to prevent/treat heartworm
drugs
92
systems impacted by canine distemper
GI tract, respiratory tract, CNS
93
general distemper symptoms
high fever, eye inflammation, labored breathing, lethargy
94
is distemper contagious
yes, very
95
are there vaccines for distemper
yes
96
what is FeLV
feline leukemia virus
97
what type of virus is FeLV
RNA retrovirus
98
what does FeLV inhibit
immune system
99
what is the most diagnosed cause of death in domestic cats
FeLV
100
FeLV symptoms
asymptomatic
101
are there vaccines for FeLV
yes, 3
102
what type of virus is rabies
RNA virus
103
is rabies zoonotic
yes
104
stages of rabies infection in mammals
Stage 1: 1 - 3 days of behavior changes Stage 2: 3 - 4 days of hyperactivity Stage 3: paralytic stage
105
does rabies have a vaccine
yes

Microbiology (24 decks)

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