Microbial Diseases III Flashcards
what does the human urinary tract consist of
2 kidneys, 3 ureters, bladder, urethra
what do the kidneys do
produce urine, filter metabolic waste, regulate body water and electrolyte balance
what does the urethra do
flow of urine from bladder to exterior of body
urogenital disorders definiton
infections and disorders that may affect urinary and reproductive systems at the same time
what does STI stand for
sexually transmitted infection
can STIs affect both the urinary and reproductive systems at the same time
yes
what does UTI stand for
urinary tract infection
what is a UTI
infection that affects the urinary tract
which sex are UTIs more prevalent in
women
2 types of UTIs
uncomplicated and complicated
uncomplicated UTIs
occur in healthy people
readily resolves with prompt drug therapy
complicated UTIs
common with catheters
usually some malformation or other underlying condition
what are CAUTIs
catheter associated urinary tract infections
two areas affected by UTIs
lower and upper
symptoms of lower UTIs
dysuria, pyuria, and hematuria
dysuria
frequent and urgent urination that may be painful
pyuria
pus in urine
hematuria
blood in urine
symptoms of upper UTIs
fever, vomiting, nausea, abdominal pain, lower back pain
upper UTIs can lead to
permanent damage to kidneys
most common cause of UTIs
bacteria
examples of bacterial UTIs
UPEC and gram-positive bacteria
what does UPEC stand for
uropathogenic E. coli
how does UPEC impact the urinary system
it is motile to move upwards into urinary tract and cause infection
viral UTIs are
rare in healthy individuals
what causes fungal UTIs
candida
what type of fungus causes vaginal yeast infections
vulvovaginal candidiasis
symptom of fungal yeast infections
candiduria
what is candiduria
yeast in the urine
what is HSV-2
viral STI
how is HSV-2 contracted
sexually
can HSV-2 be cleared up
no, it is lifelong but can be latent
HSV-2 outbreak characterized by
genital sores
what is HPV
human papilloma virus
viral STI
what is the most common STI in the world
HPV
how long does it take HPV to clear
2 years
symptoms of HPV
asymptomatic
transmission of HPV
skin to skin contact
HPV can cause
genital warts or cancer
2 types of HPV
low-risk and high-risk
low-risk HPV causes
genital warts
high-risk HPV causes
genital cancers, associated with 90% of them
are there vaccines against HPV
yes, 3 different ones
examples of bacterial STIs
chlamydia and gonorrhea
scientific name for chlamydia
chlamydia trachomatis
is chlamydia treatable/curable
yes
symptoms of chlamydia
none, “silent epidemic”
scientific name for gonorrhea
neisseria gonorrhoeae
symptoms of gonorrhea
asymptomatic
is gonorrhea treatable/curable
yes
what happens if gonorrhea is not treated
potential permanent damage
systemic infections often associated with which systems
cardiovascular and lymphatic
sepsis definition
describes overwhelming immune response to infections
is sepsis an infection
NO
does sepsis originate from systemic infection
not always
potential sepsis symptoms
- body temp >101 or <96.8
- heart rate >90 bpm
- increased respiration >20 breaths per min
- increased WBC
septic shock
tissue death and organ failure
what is DIC
disseminated intravascular coagulation
chance of dying from septic shock if not treated
28 - 50%
types of systemic infections
viral
protozoan
retroviruses
use reverse transcriptase to convert RNA to DNA during infection in T helper cells
what is HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
HIV transmission
sexual contact, vertically, certain body fluids
infection progression of HIV
acute infection, asymptomatic stage, AIDS
what is AIDS
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
normal range of T helper cells
500 - 1,500 cells/mm3
AIDS range of T helper cells
<200 cells/mm3
types of HIV drug therapies
ART
PrEP
PEP
what is ART
antiretroviral therapies
antiretroviral regimen of ART
2 RT inhibitors and 1 other drug
what is PrEP
pre-exposure prophylaxis
regimen of PrEP
2 drugs taken daily by HIV negative person
what is PEP
post-exposure prophylaxis
purpose of PEP
prevent HIV after exposure
ideally taken within 2 hours
PEP length
28 day course of 3 drugs
what is malaria
systemic protozoan infection
vector is malaria
anopheles mosquitos
what causes malaria
plasmodium species
types of malaria
uncomplicated and complicated
uncomplicated malaria symptoms
cold/hot/sweating stages that last 6 - 10 hours and repeat 2 - 3 days
complicated malaria symptoms
similar episodic attacks
also anemia, low BP, excessive blood acidity
complicated malaria can result in
kidney failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome, brain infection
who is most impacted by complicated malaria
elderly, young, pregnant, immunocompromised
plasmodium lifestyle
sporozoites, merozoites, gametocytes
malaria treatment
chloroquine and other drugs
malaria control
insecticides and bed nets
new vaccines
common infections in pets
heartworms
distemper
FeLV
rabies
heartworms vector
mosquitoes
where does heartworm larva travel
heart and lungs
lengths of heartworm
males: 5 - 6 in
females: 10 - 12 in
ways to prevent/treat heartworm
drugs
systems impacted by canine distemper
GI tract, respiratory tract, CNS
general distemper symptoms
high fever, eye inflammation, labored breathing, lethargy
is distemper contagious
yes, very
are there vaccines for distemper
yes
what is FeLV
feline leukemia virus
what type of virus is FeLV
RNA retrovirus
what does FeLV inhibit
immune system
what is the most diagnosed cause of death in domestic cats
FeLV
FeLV symptoms
asymptomatic
are there vaccines for FeLV
yes, 3
what type of virus is rabies
RNA virus
is rabies zoonotic
yes
stages of rabies infection in mammals
Stage 1: 1 - 3 days of behavior changes
Stage 2: 3 - 4 days of hyperactivity
Stage 3: paralytic stage
does rabies have a vaccine
yes
