Host Defenses I

Question 1

immune response definition

Answer 1

physiological process coordinated by the immune system to eliminate foreign substances

Question 2

antigens defintion

Answer 2

foreign substances

Question 3

3 lines of defense

Answer 3

innate barriers, innate immunity, adaptive immunity

Question 4

what do innate barriers do

Answer 4

block infection

Question 5

what does innate immunity do

Answer 5

destroy pathogens (no memory)

Question 6

what does adaptive immunity do

Answer 6

specific responses (memory)

Question 7

types of innate barriers

Answer 7

mechanical
chemical
physical
AMPs

Question 8

examples of innate barriers

Answer 8

normal microbiota
mucus
stomach acid
urinary flow

Question 9

what are AMPs

Answer 9

antimicrobial peptides

Question 10

are AMPs generic or specific

Answer 10

generic

Question 11

lymphatic system includes

Answer 11

primary and secondary lymphoid tissues

Question 12

primary lymphoid tissues include

Answer 12

thymus and bone marrow

Question 13

secondary lymphoid tissues include

Answer 13

MALT
lymph nodes
spleen

Question 14

what is MALT

Answer 14

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

Question 15

what is edema

Answer 15

tissue swelling

Question 16

what is human blood made of

Answer 16

erythrocytes, platelets, and leukocytes

Question 17

subcategories of leukocytes

Answer 17

granulocytes and agranulocytes

Question 18

types of granulocytes

Answer 18

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
mast cells

Question 19

neutrophil appearance

Answer 19

multi-lobed nucleus

Question 20

neutrophil function

Answer 20

highly phagocytic
fights bacteria and viruses

Question 21

eosinophil appearance

Answer 21

bi-lobed nucleus

Question 22

eosinophil function

Answer 22

moderately phagocytic
attack allergens and parasites

Question 23

basophil appearance

Answer 23

bi-lobed nucleus

Question 24

basophil function

Answer 24

attack allergens and parasites

Question 25

mast cell appearance

Answer 25

circular nucleus with granules

Question 26

mast cell function

Answer 26

moderately phagocytic attack bacteria, allergens, and parasites reside in tissue

Question 27

types of agranulocytes

Answer 27

monocytes dendritic cells lymphocytes

Question 28

monocyte appearance

Answer 28

large horseshoe-shaped nucleus

Question 29

monocyte function

Answer 29

highly phagocytic mature into macrophages activate adaptive immune response

Question 30

dendritic cell appearance

Answer 30

ruffled membrane with long cytoplasmic extensions

Question 31

dendritic cell function

Answer 31

highly phagocytic activate adaptive immune response

Question 32

lymphocyte appearance

Answer 32

small cells with large rounded nucleus

Question 33

lymphocyte subcategories

Answer 33

NK cells B cells T cells

Question 34

NK cell function

Answer 34

innate immunity

Question 35

B and T cell function (general)

Answer 35

adaptive immunity

Question 36

what percent of leukocytes are neutrophils

Answer 36

40-70%

Question 37

another name for neutrophils

Answer 37

first responders

Question 38

what are in granules

Answer 38

AMPs destructive enzymes pro-inflammatory enzyme "respiratory burst"

Question 39

what is phagocytosis

Answer 39

digest bacteria

Question 40

what are NETs

Answer 40

neutrophil extracellular traps

Question 41

what do NETs do

Answer 41

trap bacteria cells for phagocytosis

Question 42

where are mast cells usually stationed

Answer 42

near body openings

Question 43

two types of degranulation

Answer 43

piecemeal and anaphylactic

Question 44

piecemeal degranulation

Answer 44

normal encounters pathogen and only dumps some of the contents

Question 45

anaphylactic degranulation

Answer 45

not normal encounters pathogen and dumps all of the contents

Question 46

what are the largest agranulocytes

Answer 46

monocytes

Question 47

what percentage of leukocytes are monocytes

Answer 47

10%

Question 48

what can cause increased levels of monocytes

Answer 48

chronic infections inflammation disorders certain cancers

Question 49

what are macrophages

Answer 49

mature monocytes that migrated out of the circulatory system

Question 50

two types of macrophages

Answer 50

fixed and wandering

Question 51

fixed macrophages

Answer 51

assigned to specific organs

Question 52

wandering macrophages

Answer 52

travel, "on patrol"

Question 53

apoptosis

Answer 53

programmed cell death

Question 54

cytokines

Answer 54

signaling proteins most cells can produce

Question 55

chemokines

Answer 55

singaling molecules activate chemotaxis inflammatory

Question 56

chemotaxis

Answer 56

cell movement in response to cellular stimuli

Question 57

interleukins (ILs)

Answer 57

activate innate and adaptive immune responses

Question 58

hematopoiesis

Answer 58

production of new blood cells and platelets

Question 59

IL-1 family

Answer 59

regulates inflammation generates fever stimulates innate and adaptive immune responses

Question 60

IL-2 family

Answer 60

influences T-cell development immune system self-tolerance

Question 61

interferons (IFNs)

Answer 61

interfere with viral replication activates immune responses

Question 62

which IFNs are made by virus-infected cells

Answer 62

alpha and beta

Question 63

which IFN is made by NK and T cells to activate macrophages

Answer 63

gamma

Question 64

tumor necrosis factor (TNFs)

Answer 64

regulate immune cells and inflammation capable of killing tumor cells

Question 65

which TNF is mainly produced by macrophages to induce inflammation

Answer 65

alpha

Question 66

three ways interferons deal with infected cells

Answer 66

1. slow protein synthesis 2. apoptosis 3. activate leukocytes

Question 67

3 pathways of the complement system

Answer 67

classical, alternative, lectin

Question 68

classical pathway

Answer 68

complement proteins activated when antibodies bind to a pathogen

Question 69

alternative pathway

Answer 69

complement proteins activated by directly interacting with pathogen

Question 70

lectin pathway

Answer 70

complement proteins activated when MBL binds to pathogen

Question 71

what do all pathways lead to

Answer 71

C3

Question 72

C3 splits into

Answer 72

C3a and C3b

Question 73

what does C3a do

Answer 73

cause inflammation

Question 74

what does C3b do

Answer 74

1. opsonization 2. cleave C5

Question 75

opsonization

Answer 75

complement protein tags pathogen for phagocytosis

Question 76

C5 cleaves into

Answer 76

C5a and C5b

Question 77

what does C5a do

Answer 77

cause inflammation

Question 78

what does C5b do

Answer 78

cytolysis

Question 79

what is cytolysis

Answer 79

formation of MAC

Question 80

what is MAC

Answer 80

membrane attack complex causes leaky membrane

Question 81

inflammation

Answer 81

innate immune response that develops after tissue damage

Question 82

what does inflammation do

Answer 82

recruit immune defenses to injured site limit spread of infection allow for tissue recovery

Question 83

cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 83

redness pain localized heat swelling loss of function

Question 84

what vascular changes does inflammation cause

Answer 84

vasodilation and increased vessel permeability

Question 85

margination

Answer 85

leukocytes adhere to vessel wall

Question 86

diapedesis

Answer 86

leukocytes squeeze out of vessel

Question 87

angiogenesis

Answer 87

growth of new blood vessels

Question 88

how is inflammation stopped

Answer 88

anti-inflammatory signaling molecules

Question 89

how are leftover leukocytes dealt with after inflammation

Answer 89

apoptosis (pus)

Question 90

what happens to exudate after inflammation

Answer 90

collected by lymphatic system

Question 91

what is fever

Answer 91

abnormally high systemic body temp

Question 92

what are pyrogens

Answer 92

fever-inducing agents

Question 93

how does fever occur

Answer 93

cytokines signal hypothalamus to raise body temp

Question 94

low-grade fever is

Answer 94

good for immunity but bad for body

Question 95

low-grade fever range

Answer 95

99.5-101

Question 96

what does low-grade fever do

Answer 96

enhance interferons increase phagocytic efficiency enhance leukocyte production limits pathogen growth promotes tissue repair

Question 97

at what point is a fever life-threatening

Answer 97

105

Question 98

at what point is a fever fatal

Answer 98

109.4