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Microbiology > Host Defenses I > Flashcards

Host Defenses I Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

immune response definition

A

physiological process coordinated by the immune system to eliminate foreign substances

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2
Q

antigens defintion

A

foreign substances

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3
Q

3 lines of defense

A

innate barriers, innate immunity, adaptive immunity

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4
Q

what do innate barriers do

A

block infection

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5
Q

what does innate immunity do

A

destroy pathogens (no memory)

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6
Q

what does adaptive immunity do

A

specific responses (memory)

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7
Q

types of innate barriers

A

mechanical
chemical
physical
AMPs

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8
Q

examples of innate barriers

A

normal microbiota
mucus
stomach acid
urinary flow

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9
Q

what are AMPs

A

antimicrobial peptides

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10
Q

are AMPs generic or specific

A

generic

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11
Q

lymphatic system includes

A

primary and secondary lymphoid tissues

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12
Q

primary lymphoid tissues include

A

thymus and bone marrow

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13
Q

secondary lymphoid tissues include

A

MALT
lymph nodes
spleen

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14
Q

what is MALT

A

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

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15
Q

what is edema

A

tissue swelling

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16
Q

what is human blood made of

A

erythrocytes, platelets, and leukocytes

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17
Q

subcategories of leukocytes

A

granulocytes and agranulocytes

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18
Q

types of granulocytes

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
mast cells

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19
Q

neutrophil appearance

A

multi-lobed nucleus

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20
Q

neutrophil function

A

highly phagocytic
fights bacteria and viruses

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21
Q

eosinophil appearance

A

bi-lobed nucleus

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22
Q

eosinophil function

A

moderately phagocytic
attack allergens and parasites

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23
Q

basophil appearance

A

bi-lobed nucleus

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24
Q

basophil function

A

attack allergens and parasites

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25
Q

mast cell appearance

A

circular nucleus with granules

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26
Q

mast cell function

A

moderately phagocytic
attack bacteria, allergens, and parasites
reside in tissue

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27
Q

types of agranulocytes

A

monocytes
dendritic cells
lymphocytes

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28
Q

monocyte appearance

A

large horseshoe-shaped nucleus

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29
Q

monocyte function

A

highly phagocytic
mature into macrophages
activate adaptive immune response

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30
Q

dendritic cell appearance

A

ruffled membrane with long cytoplasmic extensions

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31
Q

dendritic cell function

A

highly phagocytic
activate adaptive immune response

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32
Q

lymphocyte appearance

A

small cells with large rounded nucleus

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33
Q

lymphocyte subcategories

A

NK cells
B cells
T cells

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34
Q

NK cell function

A

innate immunity

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35
Q

B and T cell function (general)

A

adaptive immunity

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36
Q

what percent of leukocytes are neutrophils

A

40-70%

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37
Q

another name for neutrophils

A

first responders

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38
Q

what are in granules

A

AMPs
destructive enzymes
pro-inflammatory enzyme
“respiratory burst”

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39
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

digest bacteria

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40
Q

what are NETs

A

neutrophil extracellular traps

41
Q

what do NETs do

A

trap bacteria cells for phagocytosis

42
Q

where are mast cells usually stationed

A

near body openings

43
Q

two types of degranulation

A

piecemeal and anaphylactic

44
Q

piecemeal degranulation

A

normal
encounters pathogen and only dumps some of the contents

45
Q

anaphylactic degranulation

A

not normal
encounters pathogen and dumps all of the contents

46
Q

what are the largest agranulocytes

A

monocytes

47
Q

what percentage of leukocytes are monocytes

A

10%

48
Q

what can cause increased levels of monocytes

A

chronic infections
inflammation
disorders
certain cancers

49
Q

what are macrophages

A

mature monocytes that migrated out of the circulatory system

50
Q

two types of macrophages

A

fixed and wandering

51
Q

fixed macrophages

A

assigned to specific organs

52
Q

wandering macrophages

A

travel, “on patrol”

53
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

54
Q

cytokines

A

signaling proteins
most cells can produce

55
Q

chemokines

A

singaling molecules
activate chemotaxis
inflammatory

56
Q

chemotaxis

A

cell movement in response to cellular stimuli

57
Q

interleukins (ILs)

A

activate innate and adaptive immune responses

58
Q

hematopoiesis

A

production of new blood cells and platelets

59
Q

IL-1 family

A

regulates inflammation
generates fever
stimulates innate and adaptive immune responses

60
Q

IL-2 family

A

influences T-cell development
immune system self-tolerance

61
Q

interferons (IFNs)

A

interfere with viral replication
activates immune responses

62
Q

which IFNs are made by virus-infected cells

A

alpha and beta

63
Q

which IFN is made by NK and T cells to activate macrophages

A

gamma

64
Q

tumor necrosis factor (TNFs)

A

regulate immune cells and inflammation
capable of killing tumor cells

65
Q

which TNF is mainly produced by macrophages to induce inflammation

A

alpha

66
Q

three ways interferons deal with infected cells

A
  1. slow protein synthesis
  2. apoptosis
  3. activate leukocytes
67
Q

3 pathways of the complement system

A

classical, alternative, lectin

68
Q

classical pathway

A

complement proteins activated when antibodies bind to a pathogen

69
Q

alternative pathway

A

complement proteins activated by directly interacting with pathogen

70
Q

lectin pathway

A

complement proteins activated when MBL binds to pathogen

71
Q

what do all pathways lead to

A

C3

72
Q

C3 splits into

A

C3a and C3b

73
Q

what does C3a do

A

cause inflammation

74
Q

what does C3b do

A
  1. opsonization
  2. cleave C5
75
Q

opsonization

A

complement protein tags pathogen for phagocytosis

76
Q

C5 cleaves into

A

C5a and C5b

77
Q

what does C5a do

A

cause inflammation

78
Q

what does C5b do

A

cytolysis

79
Q

what is cytolysis

A

formation of MAC

80
Q

what is MAC

A

membrane attack complex
causes leaky membrane

81
Q

inflammation

A

innate immune response that develops after tissue damage

82
Q

what does inflammation do

A

recruit immune defenses to injured site
limit spread of infection
allow for tissue recovery

83
Q

cardinal signs of inflammation

A

redness
pain
localized heat
swelling
loss of function

84
Q

what vascular changes does inflammation cause

A

vasodilation and increased vessel permeability

85
Q

margination

A

leukocytes adhere to vessel wall

86
Q

diapedesis

A

leukocytes squeeze out of vessel

87
Q

angiogenesis

A

growth of new blood vessels

88
Q

how is inflammation stopped

A

anti-inflammatory signaling molecules

89
Q

how are leftover leukocytes dealt with after inflammation

A

apoptosis (pus)

90
Q

what happens to exudate after inflammation

A

collected by lymphatic system

91
Q

what is fever

A

abnormally high systemic body temp

92
Q

what are pyrogens

A

fever-inducing agents

93
Q

how does fever occur

A

cytokines signal hypothalamus to raise body temp

94
Q

low-grade fever is

A

good for immunity but bad for body

95
Q

low-grade fever range

A

99.5-101

96
Q

what does low-grade fever do

A

enhance interferons
increase phagocytic efficiency
enhance leukocyte production
limits pathogen growth
promotes tissue repair

97
Q

at what point is a fever life-threatening

A

105

98
Q

at what point is a fever fatal

A

109.4

Microbiology (24 decks)

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