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Microbiology > Controlling Microorganisms > Flashcards

Controlling Microorganisms Flashcards

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1
Q

2 types of decontamination

A

sterilization and disinfection

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2
Q

sterilization

A

kills al microorganisms

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3
Q

disinfection

A

reduce microorganisms

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4
Q

physical controls include

A

temperature, radiation, filtration

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5
Q

3 types of temperature controls

A

cold, moist heat, dry heat

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6
Q

cold control is done via

A

refrigeration

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7
Q

moist heat uses

A

lower temps and shorter exposure

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8
Q

3 types of moist heat control

A

autoclave, boiling, pasteurization

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9
Q

autoclave

A

sterilization via steam and pressure

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10
Q

boiling

A

disinfection in 5 mins

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11
Q

pasteurization

A

disinfection

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12
Q

ultra-pasteurization

A

sterilization

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13
Q

dry heat uses

A

moderate to high temps

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14
Q

2 types of dry heat

A

incineration and drying oven

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15
Q

radiation

A

high energy waves

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16
Q

2 types of radiation

A

ionizing and non-ionizing

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17
Q

ionizing radiation

A

gamma rays, liberates electrons

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18
Q

non-ionizing radiation

A

UV rays

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19
Q

filtration/mechanical control

A

HEPA filters or membrane filters

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20
Q

what does HEPA stand for

A

high-efficiency particulate air

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21
Q

germicides

A

substance or agent that destroys microorganisms

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22
Q

3 types of chemical controls

A

disinfectants, antiseptics, chemotherapy

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23
Q

disinfectants

A

treat inanimate objects

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24
Q

do disinfectants treat endospores

A

no

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25
Q

antiseptics

A

applied to surface of living tissue

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26
Q

chemotherapy

A

chemicals used internally within host

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27
Q

bactericidal means it

A

kills bacteria

28
Q

bacteriostatic means it

A

limits or ends growth

29
Q

antimicrobial drugs

A

therapeutic compounds that kill microbes or inhibit their growth

30
Q

types of antimicrobials

A

antivirals
antifungal
antiparasitic
antibacterial (antibiotic)

31
Q

when did Alexander Fleming discover penicillin

A

1928

32
Q

what bacteria was used in discovering pencillin

A

staph aureus

33
Q

when did they start mass-producing penicillin

A

1940s

34
Q

antibiotics are ___ about the microbes they target

A

selective

35
Q

broad-spectrum antibiotics target

A

positive and negative bacteria

36
Q

narrow-spectrum antibiotics targets

A

positive or negative bacteria

37
Q

antibiotics work via specific

A

mechanisms

38
Q

natural antibiotics

A

discovered in nature

39
Q

synthetic antibiotics

A

fully made in lab (rare)

40
Q

semisynthetic antibiotics

A

natural but tinkered with

41
Q

antibiotics are grouped by

A

cellular targets

42
Q

what group of antibiotics target the cell wall

A

beta-lactams

43
Q

what is transpeptidation

A

the linking of amino acids to make the bacterial cell wall

44
Q

how do beta-lactams work

A

they stop transpeptidation

45
Q

how to bacterial cells fight beta-lactams

A

beta-lactamases

46
Q

examples of beta-lactams

A

penicillin and cephalosporins

47
Q

what antibiotics target nucleic acid

A

quinolones and rifamycin

48
Q

quinolones target

A

DNA replication enzymes

49
Q

what are the most common group of quinolone

A

fluoroquinolones

50
Q

what is another name for rifamycin

A

rifampin

51
Q

what does rifamycin bind

A

RNA polymerase to inhibit transcription

52
Q

what type of therapy is rifamycin used in

A

combination therapy

53
Q

antibiotics can also target

A

ribosomes and protein function

54
Q

why is there a small amount of anti-eukaryotic drugs

A

people are also eukaryotic

55
Q

what are polyenes

A

anti-fungal

56
Q

what do polyenes target in fungi

A

ergosterol

57
Q

are polyenes useful at fighting systemic infections

A

no

58
Q

what is quinine known for

A

antimalarial plant extract from Chinese, Inca, etc

59
Q

quinine spurred used of

A

chloroquine

60
Q

difficulty in using antiviral drugs

A

viruses need to get inside cell to replicate

61
Q

what was the first truly effective antiviral

A

acyclovir

62
Q

3 types of antivirals

A

AZT, reverse-transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors

63
Q

superbugs cause

A

superinfections

64
Q

two types of antimicrobial resistance

A

intrinsic and acquired

65
Q

intrinsic resistance examples

A

cell wall composition
endospore formation

66
Q

acquired resistance examples

A

mutations
horizontal gene transfer

67
Q

types of horizontal gene transfer

A

conjugation
transformation
transduction

Microbiology (24 decks)

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