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Controlling Microorganisms Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of decontamination

A

sterilization and disinfection

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2
Q

sterilization

A

kills al microorganisms

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3
Q

disinfection

A

reduce microorganisms

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4
Q

physical controls include

A

temperature, radiation, filtration

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5
Q

3 types of temperature controls

A

cold, moist heat, dry heat

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6
Q

cold control is done via

A

refrigeration

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7
Q

moist heat uses

A

lower temps and shorter exposure

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8
Q

3 types of moist heat control

A

autoclave, boiling, pasteurization

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9
Q

autoclave

A

sterilization via steam and pressure

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10
Q

boiling

A

disinfection in 5 mins

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11
Q

pasteurization

A

disinfection

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12
Q

ultra-pasteurization

A

sterilization

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13
Q

dry heat uses

A

moderate to high temps

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14
Q

2 types of dry heat

A

incineration and drying oven

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15
Q

radiation

A

high energy waves

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16
Q

2 types of radiation

A

ionizing and non-ionizing

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17
Q

ionizing radiation

A

gamma rays, liberates electrons

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18
Q

non-ionizing radiation

A

UV rays

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19
Q

filtration/mechanical control

A

HEPA filters or membrane filters

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20
Q

what does HEPA stand for

A

high-efficiency particulate air

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21
Q

germicides

A

substance or agent that destroys microorganisms

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22
Q

3 types of chemical controls

A

disinfectants, antiseptics, chemotherapy

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23
Q

disinfectants

A

treat inanimate objects

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24
Q

do disinfectants treat endospores

A

no

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25
antiseptics
applied to surface of living tissue
26
chemotherapy
chemicals used internally within host
27
bactericidal means it
kills bacteria
28
bacteriostatic means it
limits or ends growth
29
antimicrobial drugs
therapeutic compounds that kill microbes or inhibit their growth
30
types of antimicrobials
antivirals antifungal antiparasitic antibacterial (antibiotic)
31
when did Alexander Fleming discover penicillin
1928
32
what bacteria was used in discovering pencillin
staph aureus
33
when did they start mass-producing penicillin
1940s
34
antibiotics are ___ about the microbes they target
selective
35
broad-spectrum antibiotics target
positive and negative bacteria
36
narrow-spectrum antibiotics targets
positive or negative bacteria
37
antibiotics work via specific
mechanisms
38
natural antibiotics
discovered in nature
39
synthetic antibiotics
fully made in lab (rare)
40
semisynthetic antibiotics
natural but tinkered with
41
antibiotics are grouped by
cellular targets
42
what group of antibiotics target the cell wall
beta-lactams
43
what is transpeptidation
the linking of amino acids to make the bacterial cell wall
44
how do beta-lactams work
they stop transpeptidation
45
how to bacterial cells fight beta-lactams
beta-lactamases
46
examples of beta-lactams
penicillin and cephalosporins
47
what antibiotics target nucleic acid
quinolones and rifamycin
48
quinolones target
DNA replication enzymes
49
what are the most common group of quinolone
fluoroquinolones
50
what is another name for rifamycin
rifampin
51
what does rifamycin bind
RNA polymerase to inhibit transcription
52
what type of therapy is rifamycin used in
combination therapy
53
antibiotics can also target
ribosomes and protein function
54
why is there a small amount of anti-eukaryotic drugs
people are also eukaryotic
55
what are polyenes
anti-fungal
56
what do polyenes target in fungi
ergosterol
57
are polyenes useful at fighting systemic infections
no
58
what is quinine known for
antimalarial plant extract from Chinese, Inca, etc
59
quinine spurred used of
chloroquine
60
difficulty in using antiviral drugs
viruses need to get inside cell to replicate
61
what was the first truly effective antiviral
acyclovir
62
3 types of antivirals
AZT, reverse-transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors
63
superbugs cause
superinfections
64
two types of antimicrobial resistance
intrinsic and acquired
65
intrinsic resistance examples
cell wall composition endospore formation
66
acquired resistance examples
mutations horizontal gene transfer
67
types of horizontal gene transfer
conjugation transformation transduction

Microbiology (24 decks)

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