Controlling Microorganisms Flashcards
2 types of decontamination
sterilization and disinfection
sterilization
kills al microorganisms
disinfection
reduce microorganisms
physical controls include
temperature, radiation, filtration
3 types of temperature controls
cold, moist heat, dry heat
cold control is done via
refrigeration
moist heat uses
lower temps and shorter exposure
3 types of moist heat control
autoclave, boiling, pasteurization
autoclave
sterilization via steam and pressure
boiling
disinfection in 5 mins
pasteurization
disinfection
ultra-pasteurization
sterilization
dry heat uses
moderate to high temps
2 types of dry heat
incineration and drying oven
radiation
high energy waves
2 types of radiation
ionizing and non-ionizing
ionizing radiation
gamma rays, liberates electrons
non-ionizing radiation
UV rays
filtration/mechanical control
HEPA filters or membrane filters
what does HEPA stand for
high-efficiency particulate air
germicides
substance or agent that destroys microorganisms
3 types of chemical controls
disinfectants, antiseptics, chemotherapy
disinfectants
treat inanimate objects
do disinfectants treat endospores
no
antiseptics
applied to surface of living tissue
chemotherapy
chemicals used internally within host
bactericidal means it
kills bacteria
bacteriostatic means it
limits or ends growth
antimicrobial drugs
therapeutic compounds that kill microbes or inhibit their growth
types of antimicrobials
antivirals
antifungal
antiparasitic
antibacterial (antibiotic)
when did Alexander Fleming discover penicillin
1928
what bacteria was used in discovering pencillin
staph aureus
when did they start mass-producing penicillin
1940s
antibiotics are ___ about the microbes they target
selective
broad-spectrum antibiotics target
positive and negative bacteria
narrow-spectrum antibiotics targets
positive or negative bacteria
antibiotics work via specific
mechanisms
natural antibiotics
discovered in nature
synthetic antibiotics
fully made in lab (rare)
semisynthetic antibiotics
natural but tinkered with
antibiotics are grouped by
cellular targets
what group of antibiotics target the cell wall
beta-lactams
what is transpeptidation
the linking of amino acids to make the bacterial cell wall
how do beta-lactams work
they stop transpeptidation
how to bacterial cells fight beta-lactams
beta-lactamases
examples of beta-lactams
penicillin and cephalosporins
what antibiotics target nucleic acid
quinolones and rifamycin
quinolones target
DNA replication enzymes
what are the most common group of quinolone
fluoroquinolones
what is another name for rifamycin
rifampin
what does rifamycin bind
RNA polymerase to inhibit transcription
what type of therapy is rifamycin used in
combination therapy
antibiotics can also target
ribosomes and protein function
why is there a small amount of anti-eukaryotic drugs
people are also eukaryotic
what are polyenes
anti-fungal
what do polyenes target in fungi
ergosterol
are polyenes useful at fighting systemic infections
no
what is quinine known for
antimalarial plant extract from Chinese, Inca, etc
quinine spurred used of
chloroquine
difficulty in using antiviral drugs
viruses need to get inside cell to replicate
what was the first truly effective antiviral
acyclovir
3 types of antivirals
AZT, reverse-transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors
superbugs cause
superinfections
two types of antimicrobial resistance
intrinsic and acquired
intrinsic resistance examples
cell wall composition
endospore formation
acquired resistance examples
mutations
horizontal gene transfer
types of horizontal gene transfer
conjugation
transformation
transduction