Microbial Diseases I Flashcards by Jordan Walp

what does the respiratory system do

bring oxygen into the body and remove carbon dioxide

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what are the two parts of the respiratory system

upper respiratory tract
lower respiratory tract

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what makes up the upper respiratory system

mouth, nasal passages, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, epiglottis

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upper respiratory tract purpose

warms, humidifies, filters air

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what are the parts of the lower respiratory system

larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, alveoli

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lower respiratory tract purpose

directs air into lungs for gas exchange

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what is the most common way microbes gain access to the body

inhalation

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two types of respiratory infections

viral and bacterial

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is the common cold viral or bacterial

viral

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medical name for common cold

acute respiratory infection (ARI)

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top 2 causes of common cold

rhinoviruses and coronaviruses

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how infectious are cold viruses

highly infectious

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how is the common cold spread

personal contact, nasal secretions, fomites, respiratory droplets

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symptoms of the common cold

runny nose, coughing/sneezing, fatigue, body aches, thick discolored mucus

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complications with common colds

can result in secondary bacterial infections
can progress into sinus/ear infections or the lower respiratory tract

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is influenza viral or bacterial

viral

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which type of flu is the most common cause of epidemics

Type A

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flu symptoms

severe cold symptoms, particularly fatigue and body aches

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flu complications

pneumonia

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which type of flu has essentially disappeared since COVID

Type B

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mechanisms of flu

bind to ciliated cells in upper respiratory tract, can travel to lower

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flu vaccines

cover 3 strains
inactivated virus
yearly shot

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what is the main subtype of flu to infect humans

H1N1

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what is SARS

severe acute respiratory syndrome

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when/where was SARS discovered

2003 in China

is SARS infectious

highly

SARS transmission

respiratory droplets and fomites

SARS symptoms

cold-like develops into flu-like

common development in SARS

pneumonia

is SARS viral or bacterial

viral

is COVID viral or bacterial

viral

scientific name for COVID

SARS-CoV-2

COVID transmission

respiratory droplets and fomites

COVID symptoms

fever, cough, shortness of breath

who is more at risk with COVID

elderly

issues with COVID

pneumonia, acute respiratory failure, cytokine storms

COVID prevention

masking, hand washing, social distancing

COVID vaccines

exist and require boosters

do bacterial or viral infections cause the most deaths

bacterial infections

are bacterial or viral infections more common

viral infections

is strep bacterial or viral

bacterial

streptococcus pyogenes

G+ cocci that grows in chains often normal in microbiota

streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat) definition

Group A S. Progenies

what percentage of adults/children is acute pharyngitis in

20% adults and 30% children

strep throat transmission

asymptomatic carriers and respiratory droplets

strep throat symptoms

throat inflammation, low-grade fever, exudate in throat and tonsils, white spots/patches in throat

strep throat complications

otitis, sinusitis, invasive pneumonia

strep throat treatment

penicillin or macrolide drugs

strep throat prevention

hand washing, no contact with infected

pertussis (whooping cough) is caused by

bordetella pertussis (G-)

what vaccines prevent whooping cough

DTap and Tdap

stages of whooping cough

catarrhal paroxysmal convalescent

catarrhal stage of whooping cough

1 - 2 weeks cold-like symptoms with no fever or sore throat

paroxysmal stage of whooping cough

2 - 6 weeks severe coughing attacks toxin accumulation in respiratory tract that triggers inflammation coughing may cause vomiting, fractured ribs, loss of bladder control

convalescent stage of whooping cough

~ 4 weeks less frequent coughing

is whooping cough bacterial or viral

bacterial

is tuberculosis bacterial or viral

bacterial

tuberculosis is caused by

mycobacterium tuberculosis

tuberculosis transmission

patient with active TB can transmit to others

where is tuberculosis found

throughout world

are most infected people with tuberculosis symptomatic or asymptomatic

asymptomatic

are asymptomatic tuberculosis patients contagious

symptoms of active tuberculosis infection

cough with blood, fever, fatigue, night sweats, weight loss

is there a tuberculosis vaccine

yes, BCG not the best

two types of resistant tuberculosis

multi drug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB)

skin is the

largest body organ

skin is designed to

keep infections out

3 layers of skin

epidermis dermis subcutaneous

epidermis layer of the skin

outermost dead cells tightly packed on top of keratinocytes

dermis layer of the skin

has connective tissue contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands

subcutaneous layer of the skin

fat cells, nerves, blood vessels closely associated to skin but technically not a layer

types of skin infections

viral bacterial fungal

is herpes viral, bacterial, or fungal

viral

human herpes virus 1 abbrevation

HSV-1

what is HSV-1

oral herpes

how is HSV-1 contracted

saliva and contaminated fomites

how to spot HSV-1

cold sores, sometimes a sore throat or flu-like symptoms

where can HSV-1 migrate

trigeminal nerve, where it becomes latent

causes for HSV-1 reactivation

UV radiation, menstruation, hormonal changes, stress

HSV-1 treatment

topical or oral antivirals

is measles viral, bacterial, of fungal

viral

what causes measles

ssRNA virus

measles transmission

highly contagious, respiratory route, manifests on skin

when do measles symptoms occur

10 days post-exposure

measles symptoms

fever, sore throat, dry cough, Koplik's spots in mouth, rash on skin

measles prevention

MMR vaccine

are staph infections viral, bacterial, or fungal

bacterial

types of staph infections

staphylococcal impetigo scalded skin syndrome MRSA

primary cause of staph infections on skin

S. aureus

is staphylococcal impetigo contagious

highly

staphylococcal impetigo symptoms

superficial pus-filled vesicles, red skin vesicles rupture into yellow lesions

what age does scalded skin syndrome effect

children under 5

what causes scalded skin syndrome

bacterial toxin

scalded skin syndrome symptoms

peeling of skin that appears burnt

can scalded skin syndrome be treated

yes

what does MRSA stand for

methicillin-resistant S. aureus

how to treat MRSA

vancomycin

are cutaneous mycoses viral, bacterial, or fungal

fungal

are cutaneous mycoses superficial or deep infections

superficial

primary causes of cutaneous mycoses

candida species or dermatophytes

cutaneous mycoses treatment

topical or oral antifungals

are cutaneous candidiasis bacterial, viral, or fungal

fungal

what causes cutaneous candidiases

damp, friction-prone skin folds

cutaneous candidiases symptoms

bright red rash, sometimes small white pustules

cutaneous candidiases treatment

dry infected area and use topical creams

cutaneous candidiases example

diaper rash

what is the common name for tinea infections

ringworm

is ringworm viral, bacterial, or fungal

fungal

what causes ringworm

dermatophytes

ringworm transmission

skin abrasions and fomites

ringworm treatment

topical antifungal creams, occasionally oral drugs

ringworm examples

athlete's foot, jock itch, infection of head/scalp/nails