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Microbiology > Microbial Diseases I > Flashcards

Microbial Diseases I Flashcards

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1
Q

what does the respiratory system do

A

bring oxygen into the body and remove carbon dioxide

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2
Q

what are the two parts of the respiratory system

A

upper respiratory tract
lower respiratory tract

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3
Q

what makes up the upper respiratory system

A

mouth, nasal passages, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, epiglottis

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4
Q

upper respiratory tract purpose

A

warms, humidifies, filters air

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5
Q

what are the parts of the lower respiratory system

A

larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, alveoli

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6
Q

lower respiratory tract purpose

A

directs air into lungs for gas exchange

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7
Q

what is the most common way microbes gain access to the body

A

inhalation

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8
Q

two types of respiratory infections

A

viral and bacterial

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9
Q

is the common cold viral or bacterial

A

viral

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10
Q

medical name for common cold

A

acute respiratory infection (ARI)

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11
Q

top 2 causes of common cold

A

rhinoviruses and coronaviruses

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12
Q

how infectious are cold viruses

A

highly infectious

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13
Q

how is the common cold spread

A

personal contact, nasal secretions, fomites, respiratory droplets

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14
Q

symptoms of the common cold

A

runny nose, coughing/sneezing, fatigue, body aches, thick discolored mucus

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15
Q

complications with common colds

A

can result in secondary bacterial infections
can progress into sinus/ear infections or the lower respiratory tract

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16
Q

is influenza viral or bacterial

A

viral

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17
Q

which type of flu is the most common cause of epidemics

A

Type A

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18
Q

flu symptoms

A

severe cold symptoms, particularly fatigue and body aches

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19
Q

flu complications

A

pneumonia

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20
Q

which type of flu has essentially disappeared since COVID

A

Type B

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21
Q

mechanisms of flu

A

bind to ciliated cells in upper respiratory tract, can travel to lower

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22
Q

flu vaccines

A

cover 3 strains
inactivated virus
yearly shot

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23
Q

what is the main subtype of flu to infect humans

A

H1N1

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24
Q

what is SARS

A

severe acute respiratory syndrome

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25
Q

when/where was SARS discovered

A

2003 in China

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26
Q

is SARS infectious

A

highly

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27
Q

SARS transmission

A

respiratory droplets and fomites

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28
Q

SARS symptoms

A

cold-like develops into flu-like

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29
Q

common development in SARS

A

pneumonia

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30
Q

is SARS viral or bacterial

A

viral

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31
Q

is COVID viral or bacterial

A

viral

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32
Q

scientific name for COVID

A

SARS-CoV-2

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33
Q

COVID transmission

A

respiratory droplets and fomites

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34
Q

COVID symptoms

A

fever, cough, shortness of breath

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35
Q

who is more at risk with COVID

A

elderly

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36
Q

issues with COVID

A

pneumonia, acute respiratory failure, cytokine storms

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37
Q

COVID prevention

A

masking, hand washing, social distancing

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38
Q

COVID vaccines

A

exist and require boosters

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39
Q

do bacterial or viral infections cause the most deaths

A

bacterial infections

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40
Q

are bacterial or viral infections more common

A

viral infections

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41
Q

is strep bacterial or viral

A

bacterial

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42
Q

streptococcus pyogenes

A

G+ cocci that grows in chains
often normal in microbiota

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43
Q

streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat) definition

A

Group A S. Progenies

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44
Q

what percentage of adults/children is acute pharyngitis in

A

20% adults and 30% children

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45
Q

strep throat transmission

A

asymptomatic carriers and respiratory droplets

46
Q

strep throat symptoms

A

throat inflammation, low-grade fever, exudate in throat and tonsils, white spots/patches in throat

47
Q

strep throat complications

A

otitis, sinusitis, invasive pneumonia

48
Q

strep throat treatment

A

penicillin or macrolide drugs

49
Q

strep throat prevention

A

hand washing, no contact with infected

50
Q

pertussis (whooping cough) is caused by

A

bordetella pertussis (G-)

51
Q

what vaccines prevent whooping cough

A

DTap and Tdap

52
Q

stages of whooping cough

A

catarrhal
paroxysmal
convalescent

53
Q

catarrhal stage of whooping cough

A

1 - 2 weeks
cold-like symptoms with no fever or sore throat

54
Q

paroxysmal stage of whooping cough

A

2 - 6 weeks
severe coughing attacks
toxin accumulation in respiratory tract that triggers inflammation
coughing may cause vomiting, fractured ribs, loss of bladder control

55
Q

convalescent stage of whooping cough

A

~ 4 weeks
less frequent coughing

56
Q

is whooping cough bacterial or viral

A

bacterial

57
Q

is tuberculosis bacterial or viral

A

bacterial

58
Q

tuberculosis is caused by

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis

59
Q

tuberculosis transmission

A

patient with active TB can transmit to others

60
Q

where is tuberculosis found

A

throughout world

61
Q

are most infected people with tuberculosis symptomatic or asymptomatic

A

asymptomatic

62
Q

are asymptomatic tuberculosis patients contagious

A

no

63
Q

symptoms of active tuberculosis infection

A

cough with blood, fever, fatigue, night sweats, weight loss

64
Q

is there a tuberculosis vaccine

A

yes, BCG
not the best

65
Q

two types of resistant tuberculosis

A

multi drug-resistant TB (MDR-TB)
extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB)

66
Q

skin is the

A

largest body organ

67
Q

skin is designed to

A

keep infections out

68
Q

3 layers of skin

A

epidermis
dermis
subcutaneous

69
Q

epidermis layer of the skin

A

outermost
dead cells tightly packed on top of keratinocytes

70
Q

dermis layer of the skin

A

has connective tissue
contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands

71
Q

subcutaneous layer of the skin

A

fat cells, nerves, blood vessels
closely associated to skin but technically not a layer

72
Q

types of skin infections

A

viral
bacterial
fungal

73
Q

is herpes viral, bacterial, or fungal

A

viral

74
Q

human herpes virus 1 abbrevation

A

HSV-1

75
Q

what is HSV-1

A

oral herpes

76
Q

how is HSV-1 contracted

A

saliva and contaminated fomites

77
Q

how to spot HSV-1

A

cold sores, sometimes a sore throat or flu-like symptoms

78
Q

where can HSV-1 migrate

A

trigeminal nerve, where it becomes latent

79
Q

causes for HSV-1 reactivation

A

UV radiation, menstruation, hormonal changes, stress

80
Q

HSV-1 treatment

A

topical or oral antivirals

81
Q

is measles viral, bacterial, of fungal

A

viral

82
Q

what causes measles

A

ssRNA virus

83
Q

measles transmission

A

highly contagious, respiratory route, manifests on skin

84
Q

when do measles symptoms occur

A

10 days post-exposure

85
Q

measles symptoms

A

fever, sore throat, dry cough, Koplik’s spots in mouth, rash on skin

86
Q

measles prevention

A

MMR vaccine

87
Q

are staph infections viral, bacterial, or fungal

A

bacterial

88
Q

types of staph infections

A

staphylococcal impetigo
scalded skin syndrome
MRSA

89
Q

primary cause of staph infections on skin

A

S. aureus

90
Q

is staphylococcal impetigo contagious

A

highly

91
Q

staphylococcal impetigo symptoms

A

superficial pus-filled vesicles, red skin vesicles rupture into yellow lesions

92
Q

what age does scalded skin syndrome effect

A

children under 5

93
Q

what causes scalded skin syndrome

A

bacterial toxin

94
Q

scalded skin syndrome symptoms

A

peeling of skin that appears burnt

95
Q

can scalded skin syndrome be treated

A

yes

96
Q

what does MRSA stand for

A

methicillin-resistant S. aureus

97
Q

how to treat MRSA

A

vancomycin

98
Q

are cutaneous mycoses viral, bacterial, or fungal

A

fungal

99
Q

are cutaneous mycoses superficial or deep infections

A

superficial

100
Q

primary causes of cutaneous mycoses

A

candida species or dermatophytes

101
Q

cutaneous mycoses treatment

A

topical or oral antifungals

102
Q

are cutaneous candidiasis bacterial, viral, or fungal

A

fungal

103
Q

what causes cutaneous candidiases

A

damp, friction-prone skin folds

104
Q

cutaneous candidiases symptoms

A

bright red rash, sometimes small white pustules

105
Q

cutaneous candidiases treatment

A

dry infected area and use topical creams

106
Q

cutaneous candidiases example

A

diaper rash

107
Q

what is the common name for tinea infections

A

ringworm

108
Q

is ringworm viral, bacterial, or fungal

A

fungal

109
Q

what causes ringworm

A

dermatophytes

110
Q

ringworm transmission

A

skin abrasions and fomites

111
Q

ringworm treatment

A

topical antifungal creams, occasionally oral drugs

112
Q

ringworm examples

A

athlete’s foot, jock itch, infection of head/scalp/nails

Microbiology (24 decks)

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