the heart and coverings Flashcards
what is the pericardium of the heart?
Closed sac covering the heart and the roots of the great vessels
how many layers form the pericardium? what are they?
3
fibrous, parietal serous, visceral serous
what layer is found to be the outer most which provides the limiting border of the heart?
fibrous pericardium
what is the serous pericardium?
enclosed sac on the outer surface of the heart and within the fibrous pericardium
what serous layer lines the inner pericardium?
parietal serous layer
what serous layer continues with the parietal layer, lines the outer surface of the heart?
visceral serous layer
what is the potential space between parietal and visceral layers?
pericardial cavity
what is found within the pericardial cavity? what is its function?
pericardial fluid
lubricates and assists in movement of the heart
what is pericardial effulsion? how is it relieved?
accumulation of fluid and can be relieved by pericardiocentesis
where is the needle inserted during pericardiocentesis?
between the xiphoid process and costal margin
what are the chambers that compose the heart? how many are there?
4
RV/LV (bottom)
RA/LA (top)
what separates the RA and the LA?
interatrial septum
what separates the RV and LV?
interventricular septum
what composed the right border of the heart?
RA
what composed the left border of the heart?
LV and a small part of the LA
what composes the diaphragmatic surface of the heart?
LV and a small part of the RV
what composed the anterior border of the heart?
RV, small portion of LV and RA
what composed the base (posterior) border of the heart?
LA and small part of RA
what formes the apex of the heart
LV
through what does deoxygenated blood pass through? on what side of the heart?
through veins
right side of the heart
through what does oxygenated blood pass through? on what side of the heart?
through arteries
left side of the heart
where does blood travel through once it leaves SVC and IVC?
into the RA across the tricuspid valve into the RV
once blood leave the RV where does it go?
travels across the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary trunk
blood entering the LV from the LA needs to travel across what and originates from where?
needs to trvael across mitral valve from pulmonary veins
what valve allows passage of blood from LV to aorta (ascending, descending and arch?)
aortic valve
in what chamber is the pectinate muscle mostly found in?
RA
what is pectinate muscle?
rough muscle which gives RA a stronger contraction allowing to push blood down to LV
what is the crista terminalis?
where the rough muscle transitions into a smooth looking muscle
what is the fetal remnant of foramen ovale?
fossa ovalis
what is the function of the foramen ovale?
it allows to bypass the developping lungs (RV) as blood is shunt between the LA and RA
what type of muscle is tubercle carne?
rough muscle
how does the papillary muscles function?
push in the opposite direction as the cordae tendiae allowing to hold the atrioventricular valves in place
what are the papillary muscles seen in the RV?
anterior
posterior
septal
what are the papillary muscles seen in the LV?
anterior and posterior
which ventricle has thicker tubercular carne muscles?
LV
what does the ligamentum arteriosum attach?
pulmonary trunk to the aortic arch
what is the fetal remnant of ductus anteriosus?
ligamentum arteriosum
what is the function of ductus arteriosus?
shunt system that allows to detour blood in the pulmonary trunk to the aortic arch and bypass the developing lung of fetus
what are the 2 atrioventricular valves? which functions first?
what is the trick?
tricupsid and mitral (bicupsid)
in this order
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What is attached to chordae tendinae in the atrioventricular valves?
the leaflets
the atrioventricular valves are anchored to what?
the papillary muscles
what are the semilunar valves?
pulmonary and aortic valves
how many cusps form the semilunar valves?
3
what does the aortic valve give rise to?
vessels supplying the heart with blood
what is systole?
cardiac contraction
what is diastole?
cardiac relaxation
what happens during cardiac systole?
blood gets pumped to the entire body from RV to the lungs, LV to the body. ventricular contraction closes atrioventricular valve
what sound does systole produce?
the first sound “lub”
what happens due to high pressure in cardiac systole?
semilunar valves open
what happens during cardiac diastole?
Blood being brought back to the heart (the body to the RA, the lungs to the LA)
Begins with ventricular relaxation which closes semilunar valves
what sound does the diastole produce?
second sound “dub”
in cardiac diastole, atrial filling causes what?
high pressures that causes the atrioventricular valves to open.
what does stenosis involve?
calcification and narrowing of the openings of the valves of the heart
what can be identified at the sternal angle TIV/TV?
upper border of the heart
what can be used to identify the lower border of the heart?
xiphysternal junction TIX
what project on the 5th intercostal space about the midclavicular lines?
apex of the heart
what border of the heart is along the right parasternal line
right border of the heart
where is the pulmonary valve of the heart located anatomically?
-3rd coastal cartilage along the left sternal border
how can the pulmonary valve be identified during auscultation?
about the parasternal line, left to the 2nd intercostal space
how can the aortic valve be identified during auscultation?
about the parasternal line, right to the 2nd intercostal space
where is the aortic valve of the heart located anatomically?
-3rd coastal cartilage along the right sternal border
where is the tricuspid valve of the heart located anatomically?
sternum around the 5th costal cartilage
where is the mitral (bicuspid) valve of the heart located anatomically?
left to the 4th/5th costal cartilage
how can the mitral (bicuspid) valve be identified during auscultation?
Left 5th intercostal space along the mid clavicular line= cardiac apex
how can the tricuspid valve be identified during auscultation?
left of 5th intercostal space about sternal border
