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ANAT 316 > the heart and coverings > Flashcards

the heart and coverings Flashcards

1
Q

what is the pericardium of the heart?

A

Closed sac covering the heart and the roots of the great vessels

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2
Q

how many layers form the pericardium? what are they?

A

3

fibrous, parietal serous, visceral serous

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3
Q

what layer is found to be the outer most which provides the limiting border of the heart?

A

fibrous pericardium

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4
Q

what is the serous pericardium?

A

enclosed sac on the outer surface of the heart and within the fibrous pericardium

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5
Q

what serous layer lines the inner pericardium?

A

parietal serous layer

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6
Q

what serous layer continues with the parietal layer, lines the outer surface of the heart?

A

visceral serous layer

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7
Q

what is the potential space between parietal and visceral layers?

A

pericardial cavity

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8
Q

what is found within the pericardial cavity? what is its function?

A

pericardial fluid

lubricates and assists in movement of the heart

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9
Q

what is pericardial effulsion? how is it relieved?

A

accumulation of fluid and can be relieved by pericardiocentesis

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10
Q

where is the needle inserted during pericardiocentesis?

A

between the xiphoid process and costal margin

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11
Q

what are the chambers that compose the heart? how many are there?

A

4
RV/LV (bottom)
RA/LA (top)

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12
Q

what separates the RA and the LA?

A

interatrial septum

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13
Q

what separates the RV and LV?

A

interventricular septum

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14
Q

what composed the right border of the heart?

A

RA

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15
Q

what composed the left border of the heart?

A

LV and a small part of the LA

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16
Q

what composes the diaphragmatic surface of the heart?

A

LV and a small part of the RV

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17
Q

what composed the anterior border of the heart?

A

RV, small portion of LV and RA

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18
Q

what composed the base (posterior) border of the heart?

A

LA and small part of RA

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19
Q

what formes the apex of the heart

A

LV

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20
Q

through what does deoxygenated blood pass through? on what side of the heart?

A

through veins

right side of the heart

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21
Q

through what does oxygenated blood pass through? on what side of the heart?

A

through arteries

left side of the heart

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22
Q

where does blood travel through once it leaves SVC and IVC?

A

into the RA across the tricuspid valve into the RV

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23
Q

once blood leave the RV where does it go?

A

travels across the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary trunk

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24
Q

blood entering the LV from the LA needs to travel across what and originates from where?

A

needs to trvael across mitral valve from pulmonary veins

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25
Q

what valve allows passage of blood from LV to aorta (ascending, descending and arch?)

A

aortic valve

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26
Q

in what chamber is the pectinate muscle mostly found in?

A

RA

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27
Q

what is pectinate muscle?

A

rough muscle which gives RA a stronger contraction allowing to push blood down to LV

28
Q

what is the crista terminalis?

A

where the rough muscle transitions into a smooth looking muscle

29
Q

what is the fetal remnant of foramen ovale?

A

fossa ovalis

30
Q

what is the function of the foramen ovale?

A

it allows to bypass the developping lungs (RV) as blood is shunt between the LA and RA

31
Q

what type of muscle is tubercle carne?

A

rough muscle

32
Q

how does the papillary muscles function?

A

push in the opposite direction as the cordae tendiae allowing to hold the atrioventricular valves in place

33
Q

what are the papillary muscles seen in the RV?

A

anterior
posterior
septal

34
Q

what are the papillary muscles seen in the LV?

A

anterior and posterior

35
Q

which ventricle has thicker tubercular carne muscles?

A

LV

36
Q

what does the ligamentum arteriosum attach?

A

pulmonary trunk to the aortic arch

37
Q

what is the fetal remnant of ductus anteriosus?

A

ligamentum arteriosum

38
Q

what is the function of ductus arteriosus?

A

shunt system that allows to detour blood in the pulmonary trunk to the aortic arch and bypass the developing lung of fetus

39
Q

what are the 2 atrioventricular valves? which functions first?
what is the trick?

A

tricupsid and mitral (bicupsid)
in this order
TRY BEFORE YOU BY

40
Q

What is attached to chordae tendinae in the atrioventricular valves?

A

the leaflets

41
Q

the atrioventricular valves are anchored to what?

A

the papillary muscles

42
Q

what are the semilunar valves?

A

pulmonary and aortic valves

43
Q

how many cusps form the semilunar valves?

A

3

44
Q

what does the aortic valve give rise to?

A

vessels supplying the heart with blood

45
Q

what is systole?

A

cardiac contraction

46
Q

what is diastole?

A

cardiac relaxation

47
Q

what happens during cardiac systole?

A

blood gets pumped to the entire body from RV to the lungs, LV to the body. ventricular contraction closes atrioventricular valve

48
Q

what sound does systole produce?

A

the first sound “lub”

49
Q

what happens due to high pressure in cardiac systole?

A

semilunar valves open

50
Q

what happens during cardiac diastole?

A

Blood being brought back to the heart (the body to the RA, the lungs to the LA)
Begins with ventricular relaxation which closes semilunar valves

51
Q

what sound does the diastole produce?

A

second sound “dub”

52
Q

in cardiac diastole, atrial filling causes what?

A

high pressures that causes the atrioventricular valves to open.

53
Q

what does stenosis involve?

A

calcification and narrowing of the openings of the valves of the heart

54
Q

what can be identified at the sternal angle TIV/TV?

A

upper border of the heart

55
Q

what can be used to identify the lower border of the heart?

A

xiphysternal junction TIX

56
Q

what project on the 5th intercostal space about the midclavicular lines?

A

apex of the heart

57
Q

what border of the heart is along the right parasternal line

A

right border of the heart

58
Q

where is the pulmonary valve of the heart located anatomically?

A

-3rd coastal cartilage along the left sternal border

59
Q

how can the pulmonary valve be identified during auscultation?

A

about the parasternal line, left to the 2nd intercostal space

60
Q

how can the aortic valve be identified during auscultation?

A

about the parasternal line, right to the 2nd intercostal space

61
Q

where is the aortic valve of the heart located anatomically?

A

-3rd coastal cartilage along the right sternal border

62
Q

where is the tricuspid valve of the heart located anatomically?

A

sternum around the 5th costal cartilage

63
Q

where is the mitral (bicuspid) valve of the heart located anatomically?

A

left to the 4th/5th costal cartilage

64
Q

how can the mitral (bicuspid) valve be identified during auscultation?

A

Left 5th intercostal space along the mid clavicular line= cardiac apex

65
Q

how can the tricuspid valve be identified during auscultation?

A

left of 5th intercostal space about sternal border

ANAT 316 (22 decks)

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