innervation, venous and lymph drainage of the posterior abdomenal wall

Question 1

what is the largest circulatory system?

Answer 1

systemic

Question 2

why is the portal system important?

Answer 2

to collect all venous blood from the GIT and bring it to the liver to filter it

Question 3

what composes the portal triad

Answer 3

hepatic a. proper
hepatic duct
portal vein

Question 4

what does the inferior mesenteric vein drain into?

Answer 4

into the splenic V

Question 5

does the IMV sit next to the IMA?

Answer 5

no

Question 6

where is the IMV found?

Answer 6

ascending on the left hand side of the body

Question 7

where is the SMV located?

Answer 7

on the right side of SMA

Question 8

what does the splenic vein meet up with?

Answer 8

with the SMV

Question 9

Where is the splenic vein located?

Answer 9

posterior to the neck of the pancreas

Question 10

what is formed by the meet up of the SMV, IMV and splenic vein?

Answer 10

the portal vein

Question 11

what type of blood is collected in the splenic v?

Answer 11

venous blood from the foregut

Question 12

blood from where is collected in the liver?

Answer 12

blood from the hepatic veins (right, left & intermediate)

Question 13

blood from the hepatic veins drains into what?

Answer 13

IVC

Question 14

what systemic and portal anastomose takes place in the esophagus?

Answer 14

Branches from azygous vein (systemic) anastomose with left gastric vein (portal)

Question 15

what happens in the case of portal hypertension in the esophagus?

Answer 15

azygous wants to take over but doesn’t do so well which leads to a build up of venous blood

Question 16

what systemic and portal anastomose takes place in the umbilicus

Answer 16

Branches of epigastric veins (systemic) anastomoses with periumbilical veins (portal)

Question 17

what are caput meduase? in whom is it more prominent?

Answer 17

snakey appearence present on the abdomen prominent in population of 3rd world countries

Question 18

what systemic and portal anastomose takes place in the rectum

Answer 18

Rectal veins from internal iliac V (systemic) anastomoses with superior rectal vein (portal)

Question 19

what happens if pressure builds up if portal hypertension in rectum?

Answer 19

Buildup of venous blood in the veins of the anal junction

Question 20

what systemic and portal anastomose takes place in the posterior abdominal wall?

Answer 20

retroperitoneal veins (Systematic) anastomose with Colic veins (portal)

Question 21

what can portal hypertension cause?

Answer 21

o Can cause filtration at portal/systemic anastomoses

Question 22

what can portal hypertension lead to?

Answer 22

Esophageal varices
Caput medusa
Anorectal varices
Blockage from the liver

Question 23

how does the abdominal and pelvic organs get sympathetic innervation?

Answer 23

Preganglionic neurons enter white ramus communicans through the splanchnic nerves where they synapse with prevertebral ganglion (sit on top of vertebra and aorta), they will synapse with postganglionic neurons and reach their target organ

Question 24

what is the sympathetic pathway of the adrenal glands?

Answer 24

Preganglionic neuron doesn’t synapse at all with a postganglionic neuron and simply synapses directly

Question 25

what portion of the GIT is innervated by the Vagus N?

Answer 25

foregut and midgut

Question 26

what organs are parasympathetically innervated by the vagus N

Answer 26

Kidneys Celiac plexus Superior mesenteric plexus Renal plexus

Question 27

what type of innervation do the adrenals lack?

Answer 27

parasympathetic

Question 28

where does the pelvic splanchnic N arise from?

Answer 28

sacral spinal N (S2-S4)

Question 29

what does the pelvic splanchnic N innervate?

Answer 29

hindgut

Question 30

through what plexus do the preganglionic neurons travel trough to reach the hindgut?

Answer 30

inferior hypogastric plexus

Question 31

where do fibers of the splanchnic pelvic N travel to reach the hindgut

Answer 31

along the hypogastric N to the superior hypogastric plexus and inferior mesenteric plexus where they will travel along the IMA

Question 32

what organs are innervated by the pelvic splanchnic nerve?

Answer 32

hindgut, pelvis and pelvic organs

Question 33

where does the sympathetic chain enter the abdomen from?

Answer 33

via the medial arcuate ligament

Question 34

what is the pathway of the preganglionic neurons of the thoracic splanchnic nerve?

Answer 34

o Preganglionic neurons targeting pre-aortic ganglia synapse with postganglionic neurons

Question 35

what branches come from the thoracic splanchnic nerve?

Answer 35

- greater splanchnic nerve - lesser splanchnic nerve - least splanchnic nerve

Question 36

what contributes tot he greater splanchnic N?

Answer 36

T5-T9

Question 37

What is the pathway of the greater splanchnic nerve?

Answer 37

Preganglionic neurons synapse in celiac ganglion with post ganglionic neurons. Fibers travel through the celiac plexus and along the arteries to get to the target organs in the foregut and the kidneys

Question 38

what type of neuron is absent in the adrenal glands?

Answer 38

postganglionic neurons

Question 39

what is the aorticortical ganglion specific for?

Answer 39

specific for sympathetic input that goes to the kidney and ureters

Question 40

what contributes to the lesser splanchnic nerve?

Answer 40

T10-T11

Question 41

what is the nervous pathway of the lesser splanchnic nerve?

Answer 41

Preganglionic neuron synapses in the superior mesenteric ganglion s with postganglionic neurons that travel through the superior mesenteric plexus and along the arteries of the SMA t0 innervate the midgut structures and synapses in the aorticorenal ganglion with postganglionic neurons that target the kidney via the renal plexus

Question 42

what contributes to the least splanchnic N?

Answer 42

T12

Question 43

what is the pathway of the least splanchnic nerve?

Answer 43

Preganglionic neurons synapses in the aorticorenal ganglia with postganglionic neurons that travel to the kidneys via the renal plexus

Question 44

what contributes to the lumbar splanchnic n?

Answer 44

contributions from L1-L2

Question 45

What is the nerve pathway of the lumbar splanchnic nerve?

Answer 45

• Preganglionic neurons synapse in the inferior mesenteric ganglion with postganglionic neurons that travels through inferior mesenteric plexus to target organs of the hindgut

Question 46

at what level does the white ramus communicans end?

Answer 46

ends at L2

Question 47

what are plexuses?

Answer 47

combination of sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation

Question 48

where does the superior hypogastric plexus travel?

Answer 48

travels through the bifurcation of the aorta

Question 49

what does the superuor hypogastric plexus splut into?

Answer 49

splits into the right and left branches

Question 50

what nerves provide sympathetic innervation to the kidneys and adrenals?

Answer 50

lesser splanchnic N least splanchnic N greater splanchnic N

Question 51

what nerves provide parasympathetic innervation to the kidneys and adrenals?

Answer 51

vagus n | pelvic splanchnic N

Question 52

what is responsible for the drainage of the abdomen and pelvic structures?

Answer 52

cisterna chyli

Question 53

lymph from cisterna chylie is transported to what?

Answer 53

thoracic duct

Question 54

what lymph nodes of the abdomen is drained directly?

Answer 54

celiac LN | Superior mesenteric LN

Question 55

what lymph nodes of the abdomen is drained indirectly?

Answer 55

-lateral aortic LN

Question 56

what do the lateral aortic LN drain into?

Answer 56

into kidney and gonads

Question 57

what is drained by the inferior mesenteric LN?

Answer 57

hindgut

Question 58

what do the nodes from the common iliac drain?

Answer 58

pelvic viscera