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ANAT 316 > the anal triangle > Flashcards

the anal triangle Flashcards

1
Q

what divides the UG and anal triangle?

A

imaginary line between ischial tuberosities

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2
Q

which triangle is found anteriorly?

A

UG triangle

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3
Q

which triangle is found posteriorly?

A

anal triangle

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4
Q

what does the anorectal junction denot?

A

separation between the rectum and the canal

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5
Q

what do the rectal folds lead to?

A

rectal ampulla

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6
Q

what does the bottom portion of the anus transition into?

A

transitions from being a mucosal membrane to a region where there is perianal skin

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7
Q

what is the function of the perianal skin?

A

Protective mechanism for the anal surface

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8
Q

what nerve innervated levator ani muscle?

A

pudendal N

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9
Q

what controls the internal anal sphincter?

A

automatically controlled by splanchnic nerves

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10
Q

what type of control is exerted on external anal sphincter?

A

somatic

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11
Q

what does the perineal body lead to?

A

leads posterior to anal body

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12
Q

what is created by the perineal membrane

A

deep and superficial perineal pouches

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13
Q

what is the ischiorectal fossa?

A

Pyramidal space located in the anal triangle

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14
Q

what is contained within the ischiorectal fossa?

A

2 large fat pads
Pudendal N
Internal pudendal A & V

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15
Q

what borders the ischiorectal fossa?

A

medial: levator ani
lateral: obturator internus
anterior: recess of ischiorectal fossa
base: skin and fascia

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16
Q

are the ischiorectal fossa and deep perineal pouch distinct?

A

no, they are continuous anteriorly

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17
Q

where does the superior rectal A come from

A

comes from ima

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18
Q

where does middle rectal A come from

A

internal iliac anterior division

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19
Q

how does the middle rectal A travel

A

Enters through the true pelvis and stays deep to levator ani muscle

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20
Q

where does the inferior rectal A come from

A

from internal pudendal A

21
Q

where does the internal pudendal A come from

A

internal iliac A (anterior)

22
Q

how does the internal pudendal A travel?

A

Travels by exiting the greater sciatic foramen and travels posterior to the ischial spine to come back through the lesser sciatic foramen and superficial/external to levator ani muscle

23
Q

where can the inferior rectal A be found

A

Found within the perineum anal triangle

24
Q

where does the superior rectal V drain into? what system?

A

drains into the inferior mesenteric V

Connects with portal venous system

25
Q

where does the middle rectal V drain into? what system?

A

Drains into internal iliac V

Connect with systemic/Caval venous system

26
Q

where does the inferior rectal V drain into? what system?

A

Drains into the internal pudendal V

Connect with systemic/Caval venous system

27
Q

what is a hemorrhoid?

A

swelling of the internal/external anus where veins tend to stretch causing for improper blood flow and accumulation of blood in stretched veins

28
Q

how is the superior portion of the pectinate line innervated?

A

autonomic innervation

29
Q

what provides sympathetic innervation to the superior portion of pectinate line?

A

pelvic and sacrosplanchinic N

30
Q

what types of haemorrhoids are found above the pectinate line?

A

internal

not painfull due to associated with autonomic NS

31
Q

how is the inferior portion of the pectinate line innervated?

A

somatic innervation

32
Q

what provides somatic innervation to the superior portion of pectinate line?

A

Pudendal N (S2-S4) to external anal sphincter and puborectalis

33
Q

what types of haemorrhoids are found above the pectinate line?

A

external/perianal skin

more painful and visible

34
Q

what is the importance of the pectinate line?

A

• Divides regions of the rectum and anus supplied by somatic or autonomic innervation, portal or caval drainage, arterial supply from IMA or internal iliac branches and differences between lymphatic drainage

35
Q

what does the SHP split into?

A

hypogastric N on either side and merges in the inferior hypogastric plexus

36
Q

what provides parasympathetic innervation to rectum and anal canal?

A

Pelvic splanchnic N via inferior hypogastric plexus

37
Q

what provides sympathetic innervation to rectum and anal canal?

A

lumbar and sacral splanchnic N

38
Q

what type of innervation Stimulates contraction of the rectum/anus and relaxes the internal anal sphincter

A

parasympathetic innervation

39
Q

where does sympathetic innervation come from?

A

IHP

40
Q

what type of innervation Inhibits contraction of the rectum and anus and contracts the internal anal sphincter to prevent defecation (tonic contraction of the sphincter to prevent anal leakage (incontinence)

A

Sympathetic

41
Q

what is controlled by somatic innervation

A

Allows control of the urge to defecate and need to release these muscles to allow time to relax for defectation to occur

42
Q

what nerve provides somatic innervation?

A

Pudendal N to external anal sphincter and puborectalis

43
Q

how does defecation occur

A
  1. Mass movement in the large intestine triggers defecation reflex which stimulates distension in the rectum
  2. Contraction of sigmoid colon and rectum
  3. Defecation: relaxation of puborectalis and external anal sphincter
44
Q

where does the lumbar splanchic N begin and where does it travel to?

A

N begin in the SHP & make their way down into IHP

45
Q

where does the sacral splanchic N begin and where does it travel to?

A

makes their way down directly to the IHP

46
Q

what happens during contraction of the sigmoid colon and rectum

A

Relaxation of internal anal sphincter (autonomic)

Contraction of external anal sphincter and pelvic floor (puborectalis)

47
Q

what controls the urge to defecate?

A

pudendal N

48
Q

is reverse peristalsis of fecal matter possible?

A

yes

ANAT 316 (22 decks)

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