pleura, lungs and tracheobrachial tree Flashcards
what is the pleura?
serious membrane that forms a closed sac on the outer surface of the lungs and lining of the thoracic cavity
what components does the parieta pleur divide into?
- cervical
- costal
- diaphragmatic
- mediastinal
what does the parietal pleura line?
the inner surface of the thoracic wall
what does the visceral pleura line?
the outter surface of the lungs
what is the space between the parietal and the visceral pleural layers which is filled with fluid (
pleural cavity
what is the function of the fluid found in the pleural cavity?
This fluid filled space has a negative pressure which produces suction which prevents lung from collapsing
The fluid also serves to lubricate the tissues and reduce friction
what is a pleural recess?
Spaces within the pleural cavity which are never completely filled with lung tissue,
what happens to pleural recesses during inspiration
parts of lung migrate into it
what happens to pleural recesses during expiration?
lung fully expands into the recesse
what is the space where the costal and mediastinal parietal pleura meet
costamediastinal recess
what is the space where the costal and diaphragmatic parietal pleura meet
costodiaphragmatic recess
what portion of the parietal pleura is innervated by the intercostal N.?
costal portion
pain from the costal portion of the parietal pleura is referred to?
the lateral thoracic and abdominal walls
what portion of the parietal pleura is innervated by the phrenic N.?
mediastinal part of the parietal pleura
pain from the mediastinal portion of the parietal pleura is referred to?
neck and shoulders (dermatones of C3-C5)
what nerves innervate the visceral pleura?
nerves from the autonomic NS
can pain be felt if injury to visceral pleura?
no, insensitive to pain
where is the apex of the lung located?
2-4 cm above clavicle
where is the base or the lung located?
adjacent to the diaphragm
how many lobes does the right lung contain?
3 lobes
superior, middle, inferior
what does the horizontal fissure separate? in what lung?
the superior and middle lobe of the right lung
what does the oblique fissure separate? in what lung?
the superior and inferior lobes in both lungs
what is the corresponding structure to the middle lobe that is found in the left lung and continuous with the superior lobe?
lingual
at what level can the horizontal fissure be observed posteriorly? based on what line?
rib 4
paravertebral line
what line is used laterally to identify landmarks?
midaxillary line
what landmarks can be identified laterally and at which levels?
horizontal fissure: rib 5
inferior border of the lung: rib 8
inferior parietal pleura: rib 10
what lines are used anteriorly to identify landmarks?
mid-clavicular Line (horizontal and oblique fissure and inferior border of the lung) parasternal line (horizontal fissure)
anteriorly where are the landmark identified?
horizontal fissure: rib 4
oblique fissure: rib 6
inferior border of the rib: rib 6
what does abduction of the arm allow to properly vue in regards to the lungs?
which provides view of the superior and inferior border of the lungs, and the medial scapular border parallels the oblique fissure acting as a surface guide.
what impressions can be observed on the right lung?
- esophagus
- SVC
- Azygous vein
what impressions can be observed on the left lung?
- aorta
- esophagus (minimal)
- cardia impression of the heart
what structure is found centrally in both lungs?
the hilum of the lungs
what structures compose the hilum of the lungs?
Pulmonary Artery
Pulmonary vein
Primary bronchus
what is the orientation of the structures of the hilum of the right lung?
BAV
from posterior to anterior
what is the orientation of the structures of the hilum of the left lung?
ABV
from superior to inferior
what is the main function of the pulmonary ligament?
its a reflection of the pleura which allows the vessels to dilate and expand in size without limitations
what is the function of the tracheobrachial tree?
serves the respiratory airways
what is the function of the cartilage rings in the trachea?
These rings allow for the trachea to remain open regardless of the heads position
where can the trachialis muscle be found?
on the posterior side of the trachea
where does the trachea first split?
sternal angle level T4/T5
this place is known as Carina
how does the trachea split
primary bronchi: one in each lung
secondary bronchi: 1 in each lobe of each lung
tertiary bronchi:
right lung: 3 superior, 2 middle, 5 inferior
left lung: 5 inferior, 5 superior
further branching of the tertiary brachiole into terminal and respiratory brachiole
what do the respiratory brachiole lead to?
leads into alveoli/alveolar sacs which serve as the sites of gas exchange
what type of blood is carried through the pulmonary A and what’s its trajectory?
-deoxygenated blood
from heart to lungs
what type of blood is carried through the pulmonary V and what’s its trajectory?
-oxygenated blood
from lung back into the heart
what is the function of the bronchial A and V?
: provides blood supply and venous drainage to the bronchi and lung tissues
