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ANAT 316 > posterior abdominal wall > Flashcards

posterior abdominal wall Flashcards

1
Q

what is the O and I of psoas minor?

A

ranges from T12-L1 vertebrae to the superior pubic ramus

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2
Q

what is the O and I of psoas major

A

ranges from T12-L5 vertebrae to lesser trochanter of iliopsoas

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3
Q

what is the O and I of iliacus?

A

Iliac fossa to lesser trochanter as iliopsoas

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4
Q

what muscles fuse together to form iliopsoas?

A

iliacus and psoas major

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5
Q

what is the O and I of quadratus lumborum?

A

Rib 12 and transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae to the iliac crest

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6
Q

what movement can be accomplished by quadratus lumborum?

A

Lateral flexion of the spine

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7
Q

the kidneys sit on top of which muscle

A

quadratus lumborum

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8
Q

what is the muscle that forms the lateral wall of the posterior abdominal wall?

A

transversus abdominis

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9
Q

what closes the superior border of the posterior abdominal wall?

A

diaphragm

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10
Q

which diaphragmatic extension is longer, right crus or left?

A

right crus

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11
Q

what hiatus is formed by the crossing of the right crus?

A

the esophageal hiatus

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12
Q

what level is the esophageal hiatus found?

A

T10

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13
Q

is the esophageal sphincter a functional or anatomical sphincter?

A

functional

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14
Q

what does the lateral arcuate ligament anchor to?

A

diaphragm at the superior border of quadratus lumbordum muscle

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15
Q

what does the medial arcuate ligament anchor to?

A

diaphragm at superior border of psoas major muscle

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16
Q

what does the median ligament join?

A

Connect the right and left crura

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17
Q

what forms the aortic hiatus? at what level?

A

the median arcuate ligament forms the aortic hiatus at T12

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18
Q

what nerve gives motor innervation to the abdominal wall and sensory to the skin of the anterolateral abdominal wall?

A

subcostal N

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19
Q

where does the subcostal N range from? where is it located?

A

from T12 and is located near the lateral arcuate ligament

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20
Q

what nerve gives motor innervation to the IO, TA and sensory to the skin of the lateral gluteal region and distal abdomen?

A

iliohypogastric N

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21
Q

where does the iliohypogastric N range from

A

T12-L1

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22
Q

where does the ilioinguinal range from? where does it travel?

A

from L1

Peaks out of quadratus lumborum, under psoas major

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23
Q

what type of innervation is provided by the ilioinguinal N?

A

Sensory to region of Pubis and scrotum/labia

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24
Q

where does the genitofemoral N range from?

A

L1-L2

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25
Q

What does the gentiofemoral N give innervation to?

A

Motor to cremaster muscle

Sensory to skin of the proximal thigh, scrotum/labia

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26
Q

how does the gentiofemoral N travel?

A

Pierces through psoas major and splits into 2 branches

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27
Q

what gives sensory innervation to the lateral thigh?

A

lateral femoral cutaneous N

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28
Q

where does the lateral femoral cutaneous N range from?

A

L2-L3

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29
Q

where does the femoral N range from?

A

L2-L4

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30
Q

what is innervated by the femoral N?

A

Motor to the anterior compartment of the thigh

Sensory to the anterior thigh and medial leg

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31
Q

where can the femoral N be located?

A

superficial to iliacus

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32
Q

where does obturator N range from?

A

L2-L4

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33
Q

What is innervated by obturator N?

A

Motor to medial compartment of the thigh

Sensory to skin of the medial thigh

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34
Q

at what level does the inferior phrenic A peak from the aorta?

A

T12

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35
Q

at what level does the Celiac trunk peak from the aorta?

A

T12

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36
Q

at what level does the SMA peak from the aorta?

A

L1

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37
Q

at what level does the Suprarenal A peak from the aorta?

A

L1

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38
Q

at what level does the renal A peak from the aorta?

A

L1-L2

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39
Q

at what level does the IMA peak from the aorta?

A

L3

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40
Q

how many pairs of lumbar aa do we have?

A

4 pairs

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41
Q

what type of organ are the kidneys

A

retroperitoneal

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42
Q

what is the function of the kidneys

A

Production of urine by filtering blood

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43
Q

where are the kidneys found in the body

A
  • Located on either side of the spine

* T12-L3/L4 from a posterior view

44
Q

what kidney lies lower?

A

the right kidney

45
Q

how are kidneys shaped? why?

A

o Indented medially at hilum where structures such as renal A, V & ureter enter and exit the kidney
give the kidney a bean shape

46
Q

what surrounds the kidney? in what order from outside to inside?

A

Renal capsule (fibrous) > perirenal fat > perirenal fascia (Gerota’s) > pararenal fat > parietal periotneum

47
Q

what is contained in the medulla of the kidneys?

A

renal pyramids

48
Q

what is produced by the renal pyramids?

A

majority of the urine

49
Q

what is contained in the apex of the renal pyramids?

A

renal papilla

50
Q

what is the function of the renal papilla?

A

Drains urine into minor calyx

51
Q

what happens as the minor calyces merge?

A

formation or major calyx

52
Q

what is formed by the aggregation of multiple major calyx

A

the renal pelvis

53
Q

what does the renal pelvis narrow into?

A

the ureter

54
Q

where do renal A. arise form?

A

aorta at L1/L2

55
Q

which renal A is longer?

A

Right renal A is longer than the left renal A

56
Q

where does the right renal A travel?

A

deep to IVC which is located to the right

57
Q

what do the renal veins drain into?

A

into the IVC

58
Q

which renal vein is longer?

A

the left renal vein is longer than the right

59
Q

where does the left renal vein travel?

A

Passes anterior to abdominal aorta and inferior to SMA

60
Q

what does the left renal vein drain into? what type of drainage is that?

A

drains into the left adrenal gland and left gonad

indirect drainage

61
Q

in the hilum of the kidneys what sits anterior to the other vein or artery?

A

veins are anterior to artery

62
Q

what is the ureter?

A

retroperitoneal tube

63
Q

what is the function of the ureter?

A

Conveys urine from kidney to urinary bladder

64
Q

how does the ureter travel in the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Descends through the abdomen anterior to psoas muscle

65
Q

what does the ureter cross underneath? what does it enter?

A

crossed underneath of the gonadal vein and A.

will enter the pelvis between the common iliac bifurcation

66
Q

what is horseshoe kidney?

A

o Congenital abnormality

Inferior pulls of the kidneys during fetal development causes them to get pulled together

67
Q

what population is more prone to horseshoe kidney?

A

men

68
Q

where will the horseshoe kidney be located?

A

sits much lower than regular kidneys due to presence of IMA which will prevent its ascent

69
Q

how is the vasulature in donor kidneys re-anastamosed?

A

re-anastamosed to the iliac vessels, ureter is attached to the bladder

70
Q

what happens to the degenerating kidney during kidney transplant?

A

it is not removed as this would lead to a much more invasive surgery

71
Q

where are the adrenal glands located?

A

above the kidneys

72
Q

what type of organ is the adrenal gland?

A

• Retroperitoneal endocrine organ

73
Q

what is the adrenal gland surrounded by?

A

renal fascia

74
Q

how are the adrenal glands structured?

A

capsule
cortex
medulla

75
Q

what supplies arteriole blood to the adrenal glands

A
  • superior suprarenal A
  • middle suprarenal A
  • inferior suprarenal A
76
Q

where does then superior suprarenal A come from?

A

inferior phrenic A

77
Q

where does then middle suprarenal A come from?

A

aorta

78
Q

where does then inferior suprarenal A come from?

A

renal A

79
Q

what does the left suprarenal vein drain into?

A

drains into the left renal veins and then into the IVC

indirect drainage

80
Q

what does the right suprarenal vein drain into?

A

directly into the IVC

81
Q

why is there sometimes indirect venous drainage?

A

due to the distance differences to be traveled between the left and right side relative to the IVC due to non symmetry of the body

82
Q

what is produced by the adrenal gland?

A

adrenaline
aldosterone
cortisol (AAC)

83
Q

what forms the IVC?

A

right and left common iliac V

84
Q

what renal vein is longer left or right?

A

left due to further distance from the IVC

85
Q

what renal artery is longer left or right?

A

right due to further distance from the aorta

86
Q

where is the aorta and IVC located?

A

IVC is found on the right

aorta on the left

87
Q

where does the IVC pass through the diaphragm?

A

through the caval hiatus at T8

88
Q

what are the main tributaries that branch off of the IVC?

A 
renal v
right suprarenal v
right gonadal v (testicular/ovarian)
hepatic veins (right, left, intermediate)
inferior phrenic veins
lumbar veins
89
Q

what veins have indirect drainage with the IVC? what do they drain into first?

A

inferior phrenic veins
left gonadal vein
both drain into the left renal vein first

90
Q

what bring blood into the liver?

A

portal vein

91
Q

what are the veins found in the liver? what is particular about them?

A

hepatic veins

they will divide the liver into what is known as clinical segments

92
Q

what do the hepatic veins drain into?

A

into the IVC

93
Q

What are the branches of the hepatic veins?

A

Intermediate vein
Left hepatic vein
Right hepatic vein

94
Q

where is the urether found?

A

posterior to the abdomen

95
Q

what is different between the female and male vasculature?

A

females will have 2 locations of water under the bridge compared to only one in males

96
Q

what do the testicular vein and artery travel throuygh?

A

the deep inguinal ring

97
Q

where does the ovarian vein and artery travel throygh?

A

travel into the pelvis to the ovaries

98
Q

where does the gonadal A arise from? at which level?

A

aorta at L2

99
Q

where does the gonadal A travel?

A

superior to IMA

100
Q

where does the right gonadal vein drain into?

A

IVC

101
Q

Where does the left gonadal vein drain into?

A

left renal vein and then into the IVC

102
Q

What does water over the bridge refer to?

A

crossing of arteries and veins over the ureter

103
Q

what is nutcracker syndrome a result of?

A

compression of the left renal vein

104
Q

what can cause nutcracker syndrome?

A

dilation of SMA

105
Q

What are some consequences of the nutcracker syndrome?

A

which leads to tortuous left renal and gonadal veins and varicoceles in the left tested

ANAT 316 (22 decks)

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