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UL PARAMEDICS > THE CNS + BRAIN > Flashcards

THE CNS + BRAIN Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two parts the PNS is divided into?

A
  • Somatic NS (voluntary)
  • autonomic (involuntary)
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2
Q

How many cranial nerve pairs are there?

A

12

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3
Q

How many spinal nerve pairs are there?

A

31

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4
Q

How long is the spinal cord

A

~45cm

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5
Q

What are the segments of the spine and how many vertebrae are in each?

A

Cervical - 7
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacral - 5
Coccyx - 4

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6
Q

What segment of the spinal cord is responsible for breathing

A

C1-C4

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7
Q

What is the breakdown of spinal nerves?

A

C-8
T-12
L-5
S - 5
C- 1

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8
Q

Where is a lumbar puncture preformed?

A

Below L2

  • spinal cord ends around L2
  • meninges containing CSF extend further
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9
Q

What are the parts of the spinal cord?

A
  • Dorsal Root
  • Ventral Root
  • grey matter
  • white matter
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10
Q

What is the function of the dorsal root?

A

Carries sensory (afferent) info to CNS

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11
Q

What is the function of the ventral root?

A

Carries motor (efferent) into to muscles/glands

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12
Q

What is the function of grey matter in the spinal cord?

A

Consists of sensory and motor nuclei

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13
Q

What is the function of white matter in the spinal cord?

A

Consists of axons carrying into to/from the brain

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14
Q

What is the function of white matter in the spinal cord?

A

Consists of axons carrying into to/from the brain

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15
Q

What is the function of ASCENDING TRACTS in white matter?

A

Carry sensory info to the brain

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16
Q

What is the function of DESCENDING TRACTS in white matter?

A

Carry commands to motor neurons

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17
Q

What is the main difference between parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic prepares body for stressful situations
Parasympathetic encourages a state of calm and conservation of energy

EG:
PARASYMPATHETIC: decreases HR and BP
SYMPATHETIC: increases HR and BP

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18
Q

What is the origin and role of the phrenic nerve?

A

Originates from C3,C4,C5
Has a crucial role in respiratory function controlling the diaphragm for breathing

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19
Q

How much does the brain weigh?

A

~1.3kg

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20
Q

What is a synapse?

A

Junction between two neurons that allow signals to pass between them

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21
Q

What are the major parts of the brain?

A

Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Brain stem

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22
Q

What are the parts of the neuron?

A

Soma
Axon
Myelin

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23
Q

Tell me about the cerebrum?

A

Front of brain

RESPONSIBILITIES:
(Basically everything)
- co-ordination/movement
- speech
-temp regulation
- thinking and reasoning
- emotions
-learning
- problem solving

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24
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

Outer grey matter covering the cerebrum

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25
Q

What is matter grey/white

(This is kinda just a nice to know)

A

Grey matter has no myelin (fatty covering) which gives the white colour on scan

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26
Q

What is the brain stem and what are the parts?

A
  • connects cerebrum with spinal cord *

-midbrain (mescephalon)
- pons
- medulla

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27
Q

Tell me about the midbrain?

A

AKA mescephalon
RESPONSIBILITIES:
- motor control
- sensory processing
- visual reflexes

¡Rich in dopamine neurons - affected by Parkinson’s!

28
Q

Tell me about the Pons

A
  • Connects midbrain to medulla
  • origin for 4/12 cranial nerves
    RESPONSIBILITIES:
  • tear production
  • chewing
  • blinking
  • balance
  • hearing
29
Q

Tell me about the medulla?

A

Where the brain meets the spinal cord
- essential to survival/reflex activities
RESPONSIBILITIES:
- HR
- Breathing
- Blood flow
- central chemoreceptors
- sneezing/vomiting/swallowing/coughing

30
Q

Tell me about the cerebellum?

A

RESPONSIBILITIES:
- co-ordinate voluntary movements
- posture
- balance
- equilibrium

31
Q

What is the function of the meninges?

A

Protective layer of brain and spinal cord

32
Q

Layers of the cranial meninges?

A

DURA MATER- outer
passage of arteries and veins to supply blood
ARACHNOID - middle
(CSF between)
PIA MATER - hugs brain 🥺 (rich in veins and arteries)

33
Q

What are the lobes of the brain?

A

Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal

34
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

A
  • personality
  • decision making
  • movement
  • recognition of smell
    contains Broca’s area = speech ability
35
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

A

Proprioceptive stimuli - relation of one’s body compared to objects in space
contains wernickes area = understand spoken language

36
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

Vision

37
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

Short term memory/speech/musical rhythm

38
Q

What is the function of the pituitary gland?

A

Releases hormones essential for homeostasis

39
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Links nervous system to endocrine system via the pituitary gland

-temp regulation

40
Q

What is the function of the amygdala

A

Part of the limbic system
Regulates emotion and memory
“Fight or flight”

41
Q

What is the role of the hippocampus?

A

Memory/learning/navigation/perception of space
role in Alzheimer’s

42
Q

What is the function of the pineal gland?

A

Responds to light/dark
Secretes melatonin - cicadium cycle

43
Q

What is the function of the pineal gland?

A

Responds to light/dark
Secretes melatonin - cicadium cycle

44
Q

What is the function of cranial ventricles and CSF

A

Ventricles manufacture CSF
CSF cushions the brain and spinal cord
- washes out waste and delivers nutrients

45
Q

How is blood supplied to the brain?

A

Vertebral and carotid arteries

Vertebral arteries join together in brain stem and form basilar artery

46
Q

What is the circle of Willis

A

Anastomotic arterial ring @ base of brain

Provides connection between 4 main arteries in brain

47
Q

What is a toxidrome?

A

Specific collection of signs and symptoms due to toxic effects of chemicals in the body

48
Q

What is a toxic effect?

A

Undesirable but often unavoidable adverse effects caused by excessive pharmacological action of the drug

49
Q

What are the types of asphyxiants?

A

Simple: displace oxygen from the lungs
Systemic: interfere with oxygen transport

50
Q

What are the effects of acute exposure to solvents, anaesthetics, or sedatives (SAS) toxidrome?

A

CNS depression leading to decreased level of consciousness, depressed respirations, and in some cases ataxia (difficulty walking/balancing)

51
Q

What is an anticholinergic toxidrome?

A

A drug that blocks the actions of the neurotransmitter ACETYCHOLINE

Inhibits nerve impulses responsible for involuntary muscle movements and bodily functions

Used to treat overactive bladder, COPD, Parkinson’s

52
Q

What are the effects of anticholinergic toxidrome?

A
  • increased HR/BP
  • increased temp
  • dilated pupils
  • decreases sweating
53
Q

What are cholinergic drugs?

A

Drugs that enhance/mimic the action of the neurotransmitter ACETYCHOLINE

Used to treat nausea, urinary retention, cardiac arrhythmias etc

54
Q

What are the cholinergic toxidromes?

A
  • decreases pupils
  • increased sweating
55
Q

What are the opioid toxidromes?

A
  • decreases HR/BP
  • decreases RR
  • decreased temp
  • decreased pupils
  • decreased sweating
56
Q

What are sympathomimetic drugs?

A

Adrenaline/ cocaine ❄️/ amphetamines

57
Q

What are the sympathomimetic toxidromes?

A
  • increased everything baby
    (Big zoomies)
58
Q

What are the sedative-hypnotic toxidromes?

A
  • decreased everything
    (Pupils the same?)
59
Q

What is organophosphate poisoning?

A

Organophosphates (OP) for the bases of many insecticides/herbicides

Patients can die of acute cholinergic syndrome

REMEMBER: SLUDGE
S- salivation
L- lacrimation
U- urination
D- diarrhoea
G- GI upset
E- emesis

60
Q

Opening in the base of the skull where the brain is attached to spinal cord

A

Foramen magnun

61
Q

Opening in the base of the skull where the brain is attached to spinal cord

A

Foramen magnun

62
Q

C1 and C2 are known as what?

A

Atlas and axis

63
Q

How many ventricles are there

A

4

64
Q

How much CSF is in the body?

A

150mls

65
Q

What regulates temperature in the brain?

A

Hypothalamus

UL PARAMEDICS (30 decks)

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