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UL PARAMEDICS > CARDIAC WEEK > Flashcards

CARDIAC WEEK Flashcards

1
Q

CARDIAC CELLS

A

make up tissue that works to keep heart pumping

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2
Q

PACEMAKER CELLS

A

Cells that spontaneously fire to trigger each heart beat

SINO-ATRIAL NODE
ATRIO-VENTRICULAR NODE
BUNDLE OF HIS
L/R BUNDLE BRANCHES
PURKINJE FIBRES

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3
Q

RATE OF SA NODE

A

60-100Bpm

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4
Q

RATE OF AV NODE

A

40-60Bpm

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5
Q

RATE OF PURKINJE FIBRES

A

20-40bpm

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6
Q

DIASTOLE

A

Relaxed phase of the cardiac cycle

Chambers of the heart re-filling with blood

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7
Q

SYSTOLE

A

Part of cardiac cycle where chambers of the heart contract after refilling with blood

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8
Q

PRELOAD

A

The amount of stretch experienced by cardiac muscle, at the end of ventricular filling during DIASTOLE

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9
Q

AFTERLOAD

A

Resistance that the L ventricle must overcome to pump blood

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10
Q

STROKE VOLUME

A

The volume of blood pumped out of the LEFT VENTRICLE during each systolic cardiac contraction

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11
Q

CARDIAC OUTPUT

A

The amount of blood pumped by the heart per/min

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12
Q

RESTING POTENTIAL

A

POLARISATION

Cardiac cells at rest

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13
Q

ACTION POTENTIAL

A

DEPOLARISATION

Cardiac cells at work

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14
Q

RECOVERY STATE

A

RE-POLARISATION

Cardiac cells resting to get ready for another round (toilet cistern refilling)

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15
Q

WHAT DOES THE P WAVE REPRESENT

A

Atrial depolarisation

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16
Q

WHAT DOES THE QRS COMPLEX REPRESENT

A

Ventricular depolarisation

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17
Q

WHAT DOES THE T WAVE REPRESENT

A

Ventricular re-polarisation

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18
Q

What does one square on ECG paper represent?

A

0.04 seconds

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19
Q

How many squares are in one box
ECG PAPER

A

5

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20
Q

How much time does 1 box represent
ECG PAPER

A

0.2 seconds

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21
Q

What does the PR interval represent

A

Start of atrial depolarisation to start of ventricular depolarisation

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22
Q

What is the average time for the PR interval?

A

0.12-0.20 seconds

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23
Q

How many squares (on average) does the PR interval use

A

3-5 squares

24
Q

What does the ST SEGMENT represent
ECG

A

Period at which both ventricles are completely depolarised

25
Q

What does the QT INTERVAL represent
ECG

A

Time for both ventricular depolarisation and repolarisation to occur

26
Q

How long (on average) does it take for the QT INTERVAL to take place

A

0.33-0.42 seconds

27
Q

(On average) how many squares does the QT INTERVAL take up?

A

8-10

28
Q

ECG lead placement

Where does V1 go?

A

4th intercostal space on the right side of the sternum

29
Q

ECG lead placement

Where does V2 go?

A

4th intercostal space on left side of sternum

30
Q

ECG lead placement

Where does V3 go?

A

Placed directly between V2 and V4

31
Q

ECG lead placement

Where does V4 go?

A

5th intercostal space in the midclavicular line

32
Q

ECG lead placement

Where does V5 go?

A

5th intercostal space in the anterior-axillary line

33
Q

ECG lead placement

Where does V6 go?

A

5th intercostal space in the mid-axillary line

34
Q

What is Cardiac Output?

A

Volume of blood ejected from R/L ventricle per minute

35
Q

What is Stroke Volume?

A

Volume of blood emptied from ventricle in one contraction

36
Q

What is the total blood volume of the average male?

A

≈5L

37
Q

What do Proprioreceptors do?

A

Monitor movements

38
Q

What do chemoreceptors do?

A

Monitor blood chemistry

39
Q

What do chemoreceptors do?

A

Monitor blood chemistry

40
Q

What do baroreceptors do?

A

Monitor blood pressure

41
Q

What does the VAGUS nerve do?

A

Decreases rate of spontaneous depolarisation in SA/AV node

(Decreases HR)

42
Q

What cations affect pumping effectiveness?

A

Na+, K+, Ca2+

43
Q

What are the types of blood vessels (in flow order)

A

⬇️arteries
⬇️arterioles
⬇️capillaries
⬇️venules
⬇️veins

44
Q

What are the structural layers of the arteries

A

Tunica EXTERNA
Tunica MEDIA
Tunica INTERNA

45
Q

What are elastic arteries?

A

Elasticity helps propel blood onwards after ventricles stop contracting

EG. Aorta, Pulmonary Trunk

46
Q

What are Muscular Arteries?

A

Distributing Arteries, control blood flow

EG. Medium sized arteries

47
Q

What is the function of Capillaries?

A

Exchange of materials with tissue

large surface area for exchange with cells

48
Q

What are the types of capillaries with examples?

A

CONTINUOUS - lungs
FENESTRATED - kidney
SINUSOIDS - liver,spleen

49
Q

How is a STEMI diagnosed?

A

ST segment elevation in ≥ 2 contiguous leads ( ≥2mm in V2/V3, ≥1mm in all other leads)

50
Q

Symptoms of symptomatic bradycardia ADULT

A
  • acute altered mental status
  • ischemic chest discomfort
  • acute heart failure
  • hypotension
  • signs of shock
51
Q

Modified VALSALVA?

A
  • Strain (tube thing) 15 seconds
  • passive leg lift and lay flat 15 seconds
  • relax 30 seconds
52
Q

What is an AV block?

A

A conduction issue between Atria and ventricle

53
Q

What is FIRST degree AV block?

A

Delay in conduction between SA and AV node

54
Q

What is a thrombus

A

Blood clot

55
Q

What is ischemia?

A

Death of tissue

UL PARAMEDICS (33 decks)

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