CARDIAC WEEK

Question 1

CARDIAC CELLS

Answer 1

make up tissue that works to keep heart pumping

Question 2

PACEMAKER CELLS

Answer 2

Cells that spontaneously fire to trigger each heart beat

SINO-ATRIAL NODE
ATRIO-VENTRICULAR NODE
BUNDLE OF HIS
L/R BUNDLE BRANCHES
PURKINJE FIBRES

Question 3

RATE OF SA NODE

Answer 3

60-100Bpm

Question 4

RATE OF AV NODE

Answer 4

40-60Bpm

Question 5

RATE OF PURKINJE FIBRES

Answer 5

20-40bpm

Question 6

DIASTOLE

Answer 6

Relaxed phase of the cardiac cycle

Chambers of the heart re-filling with blood

Question 7

SYSTOLE

Answer 7

Part of cardiac cycle where chambers of the heart contract after refilling with blood

Question 8

PRELOAD

Answer 8

The amount of stretch experienced by cardiac muscle, at the end of ventricular filling during DIASTOLE

Question 9

AFTERLOAD

Answer 9

Resistance that the L ventricle must overcome to pump blood

Question 10

STROKE VOLUME

Answer 10

The volume of blood pumped out of the LEFT VENTRICLE during each systolic cardiac contraction

Question 11

CARDIAC OUTPUT

Answer 11

The amount of blood pumped by the heart per/min

Question 12

RESTING POTENTIAL

Answer 12

POLARISATION

Cardiac cells at rest

Question 13

ACTION POTENTIAL

Answer 13

DEPOLARISATION

Cardiac cells at work

Question 14

RECOVERY STATE

Answer 14

RE-POLARISATION

Cardiac cells resting to get ready for another round (toilet cistern refilling)

Question 15

WHAT DOES THE P WAVE REPRESENT

Answer 15

Atrial depolarisation

Question 16

WHAT DOES THE QRS COMPLEX REPRESENT

Answer 16

Ventricular depolarisation

Question 17

WHAT DOES THE T WAVE REPRESENT

Answer 17

Ventricular re-polarisation

Question 18

What does one square on ECG paper represent?

Answer 18

0.04 seconds

Question 19

How many squares are in one box
ECG PAPER

Answer 19

5

Question 20

How much time does 1 box represent
ECG PAPER

Answer 20

0.2 seconds

Question 21

What does the PR interval represent

Answer 21

Start of atrial depolarisation to start of ventricular depolarisation

Question 22

What is the average time for the PR interval?

Answer 22

0.12-0.20 seconds

Question 23

How many squares (on average) does the PR interval use

Answer 23

3-5 squares

Question 24

What does the ST SEGMENT represent
ECG

Answer 24

Period at which both ventricles are completely depolarised

Question 25

What does the QT INTERVAL represent *ECG*

Answer 25

Time for both ventricular depolarisation and repolarisation to occur

Question 26

How long (on average) does it take for the QT INTERVAL to take place

Answer 26

0.33-0.42 seconds

Question 27

(On average) how many squares does the QT INTERVAL take up?

Answer 27

8-10

Question 28

*ECG lead placement* Where does V1 go?

Answer 28

4th intercostal space on the right side of the sternum

Question 29

*ECG lead placement* Where does V2 go?

Answer 29

4th intercostal space on left side of sternum

Question 30

*ECG lead placement* Where does V3 go?

Answer 30

Placed directly between V2 and V4

Question 31

*ECG lead placement* Where does V4 go?

Answer 31

5th intercostal space in the midclavicular line

Question 32

*ECG lead placement* Where does V5 go?

Answer 32

5th intercostal space in the anterior-axillary line

Question 33

*ECG lead placement* Where does V6 go?

Answer 33

5th intercostal space in the mid-axillary line

Question 34

What is Cardiac Output?

Answer 34

Volume of blood ejected from R/L ventricle per minute

Question 35

What is Stroke Volume?

Answer 35

Volume of blood emptied from ventricle in one contraction

Question 36

What is the total blood volume of the average male?

Answer 36

≈5L

Question 37

What do Proprioreceptors do?

Answer 37

Monitor movements

Question 38

What do chemoreceptors do?

Answer 38

Monitor blood chemistry

Question 39

What do chemoreceptors do?

Answer 39

Monitor blood chemistry

Question 40

What do baroreceptors do?

Answer 40

Monitor blood pressure

Question 41

What does the VAGUS nerve do?

Answer 41

Decreases rate of spontaneous depolarisation in SA/AV node (Decreases HR)

Question 42

What cations affect pumping effectiveness?

Answer 42

Na+, K+, Ca2+

Question 43

What are the types of blood vessels (in flow order)

Answer 43

⬇️arteries ⬇️arterioles ⬇️capillaries ⬇️venules ⬇️veins

Question 44

What are the structural layers of the arteries

Answer 44

Tunica EXTERNA Tunica MEDIA Tunica INTERNA

Question 45

What are elastic arteries?

Answer 45

Elasticity helps propel blood onwards after ventricles stop contracting EG. Aorta, Pulmonary Trunk

Question 46

What are Muscular Arteries?

Answer 46

Distributing Arteries, control blood flow EG. Medium sized arteries

Question 47

What is the function of Capillaries?

Answer 47

Exchange of materials with tissue *large surface area for exchange with cells*

Question 48

What are the types of capillaries with examples?

Answer 48

CONTINUOUS - lungs FENESTRATED - kidney SINUSOIDS - liver,spleen

Question 49

How is a STEMI diagnosed?

Answer 49

ST segment elevation in ≥ 2 contiguous leads ( ≥2mm in V2/V3, ≥1mm in all other leads)

Question 50

Symptoms of symptomatic bradycardia *ADULT*

Answer 50

- acute altered mental status - ischemic chest discomfort - acute heart failure - hypotension - signs of shock

Question 51

Modified VALSALVA?

Answer 51

- Strain (tube thing) *15 seconds* - passive leg lift and lay flat *15 seconds* - relax *30 seconds*

Question 52

What is an AV block?

Answer 52

A conduction issue between Atria and ventricle

Question 53

What is FIRST degree AV block?

Answer 53

Delay in conduction between SA and AV node

Question 54

What is a thrombus

Answer 54

Blood clot

Question 55

What is ischemia?

Answer 55

Death of tissue