NAS MCQ PT.2 Flashcards
biology/physiology/cells
The components of each cell are surrounded by a —– membrane?
plasma
what are the functions of epithelial tissue?
protection
secretion
absorption
what is found within the cells cytoplasm and operate in co-operated and organised fashion to maintain the life of the cell?
organelles
T/F epithelial tissue can be found lining and covering surfaces inside and outside the body?
FALSE
What type of tissue lines the intestines, blood vessels, and bronchiole tubes?
epithelial
what is another term for skeletal muscle tissue
striated muscle
the three phases of respiration are?
inspiration, expiration, pause
movement of water molecules occurs by
osmosis
The maintenance of blood pressure depends on what factors?
cardiac output
blood volume
peripheral resistance
elasticity of the arteries
venous return
what is the major artery originating from the heart
aorta
the inherit rate of the ventricles is
20-40
what are the three lobes of the right lung
superior
middle
inferior
increased sympathetic nerve stimulation of blood vessels will have what effect
it will cause vasoconstriction
the release of glucagon into the bloodstream stimulates…..
the liver to convert glycogen to glucose
what component of the central nervous system decides how to respond to changing conditions inside and outside the body
the brain
The liver, which is rather fragile and is easily injured in accidents….
takes up most of the area beneath the diaphragm to the right
what are the four stages of the digestive process
ingestion
digestion
absorption
evacuation
what part of the brain in located in the posterior, inferior area of the skull
the cerebellum
the pressure created when the heart contracts and forces blood into the arteries is called the
systolic blood pressure
arterial bleeding is suspected when the blood is…
bright red and spurting from the wound
where are blood cells produced
red bone marrow
how many layers does an artery have
3
the overall affect of innervation on the sympathetic nervous system on the myocardium is to….
increase HR
the phrenic nerve innervates the
diaphragm
the exchange of gases between a living organism and its environment is called
respiration
systemic circulation refers to
blood supply to the body
the gallbladder is located in which quadrant
RUQ
Vasodilation results in
increased blood flow under less resistance
the dense fibrous membrane covering all bones is the
periosteum
the largest bones in the vertebral column are found in what section?
lumbar
lumbar jacks are huge
the abdominal aorta divides where and into what?
at the level of the navel into the iliac arteries
blood is made up of both liquid and solid parts. the solid parts that combine with and transport oxygen to the body is called?
RED blood cells
what does the term fistula mean?
an abnormal passage from one internal cavity to another
the right and left coronary arteries branch from
ascending aorta
where is the nucleus contained
the nuclear envelope
name a type of simple epithelial tissue
cuboidal
what is the most abundant tissue in the body
connective
rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with
ribosomes
tissues that protect underlying structures from wear and tear are called?
stratified
how many layers does the plasma membrane consist of
2
what is the function of the C shaped rings of cartilage on the trachea
aid swallowing
what is the name of the covering of the lungs
pleura
tidal volume is
the amount of air taken in during normal breathing
external respiration takes place
in the lungs
what is the principle nerve that stimulates the diaphragm
phrenic nerve
the lungs are supplied with blood from
the left ventricle
the respiratory centre of the brain is
medulla oblongata
pharmacokinetics is
the study of metabolism and action of medication
with particular emphasis on the time required for absorption, duration of action, distribution in the body, and method of excretion
pharmacodynamics is
the branch of pharmacology that studies reactions between medications and living structures,
including the process of body responses to pharmacological, biochemical, physiological, and therapeutic effects
side effects of aspirin
epigastric pain and discomfort/bronchospasm/GI haemorrhage/increased bleeding times/ skin reactions in hypersensitive patients
the patella is a type of ____ bone
sesamoid bone
red bone marrow is responsible for
red blood cell production
an example of a hinge joint is
knee
bands of tough, flexible connective tissue which join the articular surfaces of bones are called
ligaments
what is the major structural component of the axial skeleton
the spine
what are the three lower sections of the abdominal division (9)
right iliac, hypogastric/ left iliac
what muscle is associated with the assistance of forced respiration
sternoclidomastoid
the tibia is an example of what type of bone
long
what is the name of the joint located at the hip
ball and socket
in addition to the supporting muscles and ligaments found in the vertebral column, the thoracic spine is further stabilised by
rib attachments
what maintains a uniform pressure around the brain
CSF
Increased sympathetic nerve stimulation of blood vessels will have what effect
it will cause vasoconstriction
what is the total amount of CSF in the average adult central nervous system
80-150mls
the two major types of peripheral nerves are
afferent and efferent nerves
the parasympathetic nervous system is the dominant system of what
rest and relaxation
the process of chemical signalling between calls is called
neurotransmission
the innermost meningeal layer that rests directly on the spinal cord is
REMEMBER DAP
pia mater
the ____ is a continuation of the central nervous system and exits the skull through the _____
spinal cord, foramen magnum
what structure conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body
axon
the involuntary control of breathing originates in the
pons and medulla
which nerve exits from between the spinal vertebrae and extends to various parts of the body
peripheral
what part of the brain is regarded as the control centre for respiration
medulla oblongata
other than respiratory, what is another function of the medulla oblongata
controls blood pressure and heart rate
control of balance and co-ordination are functions of the
cerebellum
under normal conditions, the strength of cardiac contraction is regulated by
the frank-starling mechanism
functionally, the nervous system is divided into
sympathetic and parasympathetic
what area of the brain contains nerve fibres that form a bridge between the two sides of the cerebrum
corpus callosum
the main function of the midbrain is to
act as a relay station
what is naloxone indicated for (include RR)
RR <9 secondary to known/suspected narcotic overdose
what what is oxygen indicated (include adults/paeds/COPD)
adults <94%
paeds <96%
COPD <92%
how is salbutamol presented for paediatrics
2.5mg/2.5mL
how is salbutamol presented for adults
5mg/2.5mL
how long is the PR interval
0.12-.0.20 seconds
the only organ that does not require insulin to allow glucose to enter its cells is the
brain
a patient who has taken an overdose of paracetamol is most at risk to the damage of the
liver
your oesophagus is approximately _____cm long, made up of____ muscle which lies _____ to the trachea
25/voluntary/posterior
the duodenum is part of what system
digestive
the ____ controls the amount of food that moves back up the oesophagus
cardiac sphincter
the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder connect to the digestive system at the
duodenum
filtering of blood and recycling of dead red blood cells are functions of the
spleen
what is the duration of the female reproductive cycle
26-30 days
the three parts of the uterus are called
the fundus
the body
cervix
the fallopian tubes attach to the ____ and are about ____cm long
uterus/10cm
waves of rhythmic contraction and relaxation of muscles in the organ wall to move food along the alimentary canal is called?
peristalsis
what condition will cause renin to be released from the kidneys
hypotension
what effect does the release of angiotensin 2 have on the body
vasoconstriction
the functional unit of the kidney is the
nephron
the hormone that increases the reabsorption of sodium and water in the kidneys is
aldosterone
the tubes connecting the kidneys to the bladder are the
ureters
the canal that carries urine from the bladder to the exterior is the
urethra
the statutory instrument establishing the ability of paramedics to administer medication is
SI 510 of 2005
the statutory instrument that established PHECC is
SI 109 of 2000
while transporting a patient on IV fluids, they start to complain of shortness of breath. this is most likely due to
fluid overload
a 20 drop IV giving set will deliver what volume of fluid for every 20 drops
1mL
when assisting with preparation for IO access, the most common bone site used is
tibia
if an IV line has been placed and has now tissued, what is the next step
discontinue the IV line but leave in place
for IV treatment in a trauma patient, what should be considered
large-bore cannulae should be used to allow for administration of high flow volumes of fluid
the bodys defence mechanisms have the ability to destroy or inactivate a micro-organism before it can cause illness. this is known as
immunity
in relation to disease, incubation period is
the time period between exposure to an organism and the first symptoms of an illness
a patient with an infestation of ectoparasites should be handled using
standard and contact precautions
what class of drug is midazolam
benzodiazepine
what buccal dose of midazolam would you give to a three year old
5mg
what is the adult dose of midazolam
10mg
the longitudinal fissure separates the
right and left side of the cerebrum
the peritoneum is made from which type of membrane
serous
the oesophagus is mainly contained in which cavity
thoracic
the function of insulin in the body is to
decrease the conversion of glucose to glycogen
beta cells in the pancreas produce what hormone
insulin
detoxification of blood takes place in the
liver
the crossing of motor fibres so that the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body (and vice versa) happens at the
medulla oblongata
what are the five stages of grief
denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance
an unaccompanied child in your care has refused consent to travel
refusal by a minor is not recognised in law
if you arrive to a house and the door is locked but you see an unconscious person inside what can you do
you may force an entry in the best interest of a patient
if you wish to search a pocket for ID on an unconscious patient you should
ensure you have a witness
the PHECC process in place to protect the public from poor practitioner practice is
fitness to practice
the ethical principle meaning the right of the patient to make their own choice is
autonomy
beneficence
the ethical principle meaning acting in the best interest of the patient
the ethical principle of justice is
equal and fair distribution of care to all patients
the ethical principle of nonmaleficence is
do no harm
for a patient to take civil action for negligence against you and your employer what must be established
the paramedic has breached duty of care
a paramedic touching a patient without consent is legally
battery
in the continuum of pre-hospital emergency care, how many levels are there
6
the HSE ambulance service is divided into how many structures?
3
what does CPC stand for
continual professional competency
normal pulse rate for an infant
100-160 beats per minute
normal respiratory rate for an infant
30-60 breaths per minute
the PHECC CPG pain ladder has how many steps
3
the initial patient assessment should
appear to be a seamless process
the purpose of a secondary survey is
find life-threatening problems
when taking a pulse what three factors are you assessing
rate
rhythm
qualityi
in a patient with ALOC, a partial airway obstruction is indicated by
snoring sounds
you will make your initial diagnosis of a patient based on the
chief complaint and patient history
what a patient feels and describes is a
symptom
an objective assessment is
anything which is observed and evident to the paramedic such as skin colour, obvious deformities, work of breathing
a subjective assessment is
talking with the patient and discussing any conditions or pains the patient might have
CSM refers to
circulation
sensation
motor function
a sign of inadequate breathing is
unable to complete full sentences
a key consideration when exposing to check for obvious injuries is that
the patient needs to be covered with a blanket to maintain heat
closed bilaterally fractured femurs can result in an internal blood loss up to
2L
the most reliable sign of a fracture is
deformity
