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My BDS1 > The Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What ventricle is thicker? Why is this?

A

Left ventricle. Has to pump blood around the whole body.

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2
Q

How many heart valves are there?

A

4

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3
Q

What opens and closes valves?

A

Pressure gradients.

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4
Q

What structures orientate the valves in the correct positions, yet have no role in valve opening.

A

Chord tendinae and papillary muscles.

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5
Q

What is the role of the semilunar valves?

A

Control the exit of blood and prevent back flow.

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6
Q

As you age what happens to the heart valves?

A

Changes to the collagen and elastin.

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7
Q

What are the consequences of calcification of the aortic valve?

A

Narrows the opening and reduces the blood flow. Heart has to work harder to pump blood, causes weakening of the heart muscle.

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8
Q

Describe the 2 heart sounds.

A
  1. Atrioventricular valves closing.

2. Pulmonary and aortic valves closing.

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9
Q

What could a third heart sound indicate?

A

Two way movement of blood.

(Could indicate heart failure.) or tensing of the chord tendinae.

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10
Q

What is systole?

A

Contraction.

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11
Q

What is diastole?

A

Relaxation.

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12
Q

During systole the ventricle are not fully..?

A

Emptied.

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13
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The amount of blood ejected per beat.

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14
Q

What is the principle of Starling’s law?

A

The more blood the heart is filled with, the greater the heart will contract.

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15
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Stroke volume X heart rate

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16
Q

Explain the process of conduction in contracting the heart.

A

Impulse is generated in the SA node and spreads over the atria, followed by the ventricles.

Both atria/ventricles will contract at the same time on both sides.

Conduction is rapid and coordinated.

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17
Q

When does blood flow occur?

A

During diastole. As during systole the contracting restricts the coronary arteries.

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18
Q

What is the role of the SA node?

A

Determines heart rate.

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19
Q

What is the role of the AV node?

A

Slows conduction and can act as a secondary pacemaker.

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20
Q

What is the role of the purkinje fibres?

A

Fibres interlock with myocytes to help spread the impulse across the ventricles.

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21
Q

What effect does the sympathetic innervation have on the heart?

A

Speeds up heart rate by increasing Ca permeability. (Action of noradrenaline)

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22
Q

What effect does the parasympathetic innervation have on the heart?

A

Slows down the heart rate by increasing the K permeability. (action of acetylcholine)

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23
Q

What medication is used to manage arrhythmia?

A

Digoxin

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24
Q

What detects changes in cardiac output and feedsback to the brain?

A

Baroreceptors.

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25
Q

What adrenoreceptor is primarily found on nodal tissue, the conducting system and myocardium?

A

B1

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26
Q

List the effects of adrenoreceptors.

A

Positive entropy: Force of contraction.

Positive chronotrophy: Increases heart rate.

Positive lusitrophy: Rate of relaxation.

Positive dromotrophy: Spped of conduction.

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27
Q

When are beta agonists used?

A

In short term treatment of cardiac arrest etc.

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28
Q

Where does the vagal nerve terminate?

A

On nodal tissue.

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29
Q

Where does the right vagus nerve terminate?

A

The SA node.

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30
Q

Where does the left vagus nerve terminate?

A

AV node

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31
Q

What drugs are used to treat bradycardia by increasing the heart rate.?

A

Vagolytic drugs.

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32
Q

What is the charge on the inside of a cell at resting potential?

A

Negative.

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33
Q

Which ion concentrating is greatest inside the cell?

A

Potassium (K)

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34
Q

Which ion concentrating is greatest outside the cell?

A

Calcium (Ca) and sodium (Na).

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35
Q

What charge is depolarisation achieving?

A

Moving towards a more positive charge.

36
Q

The movement of what ion achieves depolarisation?

A

Initially the movement of sodium into the cell depolarises the cell, however once the threshold is reached calcium also moves into the cell.

37
Q

The movement of what ion achieves repolarisation?

A

The movement of potassium out of the cell.

38
Q

What pressure is higher? Systolic or diastolic?

A

Systolic

39
Q

Describe the mean arterial pressure calculation.

A

Diastolic blood pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure.

Pulse pressure= systolic - diastolic.

40
Q

In relation to pressure; What do arterioles have the ability to do?

A

Dissipate pressure.

41
Q

Name a characteristic of a venule.

A

Very distensible.

42
Q

Name the 2 main factors that affect transport.

A

Hydrostatic pressure (favours outwards movement) and Colloid pressure (favours inwards movement).

43
Q

At what end is hydrostatic pressure greater?

A

Arteriole.

44
Q

Explain colloid pressure

A

Plasma proteins too big to leave the the capillary, so they remain and draw fluid back into the capillary.

45
Q

Deoxygenated blood from pulmonary circulation travels from where to where?

A

Right ventricle to the lungs.

46
Q

Oxygenated blood from pulmonary circulation travels from where to where?

A

The lungs to the left side of the heart

47
Q

Name the sections of the mediastinum?

A

Inferior, posterior, anterior, middle and superior.

48
Q

What part of the mediastinum is subdivided into 3 sections (ant, mid, post)

A

The inferior mediastinum

49
Q

What structure that has an immune function is contained within the superior mediastinum?

A

The thymus.

50
Q

What arteries supply heart muscles?

A

Coronary arteries.

51
Q

What is unique about coronary arteries?

A

They are end arteries.

52
Q

What vein drains structures from the heart upwards?

A

The superior vena cava.

53
Q

What vein drains structures from below the heart?

A

The inferior vena cava.

54
Q

What is the function of the ductus venosus?

A

Diverts the babies blood away from the liver and to the heart.

55
Q

When is the ductus venous closed?

A

When the umbilical chord is cut.

56
Q

What is the foramen ovale?

A

A hole in the heart that passes blood from the right atrium to the left atrium. (Right ventricle not needed as the baby is not using its lungs in the womb)

57
Q

When is the foramen oval closed?

A

When the baby cries for the first time. Pressure surge closes he hole.

58
Q

What is the depression called once the foramen oval is closed?

A

Fossa ovalis. (right atrium)

59
Q

What is the function of the ductus arteriosus?

A

Diverts blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta.

60
Q

What is a characteristic of arteries closer to the heart?

A

More elastic.

61
Q

What is a characteristic of arteries further away from the heart?

A

More muscular.

62
Q

What kind of valves are atrioventricular valves?

A

Tricuspid valves

63
Q

Name the semilunar valves of the heart.

A

Aortic and pulmonary.

64
Q

What is the function of semilunar valves?

A

Controls the exit of blood.

65
Q

What structures do semilunar valves lack?

A

Chord tendinae

66
Q

What structures are present in the veins of the limbs but not the head and neck?

A

Valves.

67
Q

What is the function of baroreceptors?

A

Mechanoreceptors that detect changes in pressure via the stretch of arterial walls.

68
Q

What cranial nerve does the carotid sinus send messages to the brain via?

A

CN 9

Glossopharyngeal.

69
Q

What cranial nerve does the aortic arch send messages to the brain via?

A

CN 10

Vagus

70
Q

What baroreceptors are more sensitive?

A

Carotid sinus

71
Q

** DONT UNDERSTAND

What adrenoreceptos are present on the nucleus tracts solitari?

A

A2 (inhibits bulbar circulatory system and activates the vagal nucleus)

B1 (activates the bulbar circulatory centres and inhibits the vagal nucleus.)

Bulbar circulatory system responsible for noradrenaline.

Vagal nucleus: Responsible for acetylcholine

72
Q

What adrenoceptor is activated when blood pressure falls?

A

B1.
Therefore reduces acetylcholine production and heart rate increases.

Increases noradrenaline production and force of contraction/peripheral resistance increases.

73
Q

What adrenoceptor is activated when blood pressure rises?

A

A2.
Increases acetylcholine production, heart rate decreases.

Decreases noradrenaline production, reduction in peripheral resistance/force of contraction.

74
Q

Name some a2 agonists.

A

Clonidine.

Alpha-methyldopa.

75
Q

What is the function of adenosine?

A

Vasodilator

76
Q

What condition is nicorandil used to manage?

A

Angina.

77
Q

What condition increases your risk of getting critical limb ischaemia?

A

Diabetics.

78
Q

Name the 4 factors controlling blood flow

A

Length of the tube.
Viscosity of blood.
Pressure gradient.
Cross section of the tube.

79
Q

Name a clinical condition related to blood viscosity.

A

Deep vein thrombosis.

Blockage of the vein. Blockage can break off and lodge somewhere else.

80
Q

What does dehydration do to blood viscosity?

A

increases the viscosity.

81
Q

What effect does branching have on blood flow?

A

Creates more resistance so blood flow decreases.

82
Q

Where is branching of vessels useful?

A

In areas where gas exchange occurs.

Higher resistance creates a slower flow and more time for the gas exchange to occur.

83
Q

What is preload?

A

End diastolic volume (left ventricle)

84
Q

What effect do nitrates have?

A

Cerebral vasodilation.

In large volume, they can dilate arteries.

85
Q

What is active hyperaemia? In what vessels does this occur?

A

when changes to oxygen and carbon dioxide metabolites cause dilation of arteries.

86
Q

When is reactive hyperaemia induced?

A

When there is a temporary blockage in blood flow.

My BDS1 (48 decks)

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