Cell Injury Flashcards
Name the 2 kinds of cell injury
Reversible and irreversible.
List some causes of reversible cell death.
Hypoxia. Ischaemia. Physical agents. Immunological reactions. Chemicals/drugs. Infection agents. Genetic imbalance.
How would cells that have suffered reversible injury appear?
Clouding swelling:
Unable to maintain homeostasis. Caused by failed ATP pumps which allows an influx of Na and water.
Fatty change:
Occurs in liver cells.
Triglycerides cannot be released.
Enlarges the liver.
Name the 2 types of irreversible cells death.
Necrosis (leakage of contents causes an immune response.)
Apoptosis (controlled cell death that requires energy.)
List the microscopic changes of necrotic tissue.
LOSS OF BLUE STAINING
Pyknosis: Nucleus shrinks and is darker stained.
Karyorrhexis: Nucleus fragments.
Karyolysis: DNA digested.
List the 4 types of necrosis.
Coagulative: No nucleus. Causes an infarct in ischemia.
Liquefactive: Bacterial and fungal infections. Pus. Occurs in the CNS due to hypoxia.
Caseous necrosis: TB.
Fibrinoid necrosis: In blood vessels.
What are the effects of necrosis?
Inflammation and scar tissue.
What are the pathological triggers of apoptosis?
Hypoxia/ischaemia.
Viral infection.
DNA damage, p53 triggered.
What would the morphology of cells that have undergone apoptosis look like?
Shrinkage.
No widespread inflammation.
Intact membrane.
What is atherosclerosis?
Accumulation of cholesterol in the macrophages/ smooth muscle of blood vessel walls.
Where is cholesterol accumulation usually found?
At sites of necrosis/haemorrhage.
What cause endogenous pigmentation?
Lipid breakdown products.
All appear brown.
What cause exogenous pigmentation?
Carbon deposition in macrophages of the alveoli.
What is dystrophic calcification?
Deposits of calcium phosphate in necrotic tissue.
What is metastatic calcification?
Deposits of calcium salts in hypercalcaemic tissue.
