Head and Neck Anatomy

Question 1

What kind of bones compromise the cranial portion of the head?

Answer 1

Flat bones.

Question 2

Name the cranial bones.

Answer 2

Ethmoid, 
frontal, 
occipital, 
parietal (x2), 
sphenoid 
temporal (x2)

Question 3

What kind of bones compromise the facial portion of the head?

Answer 3

Irregular bones.

Question 4

Name the facial bones.

Answer 4

Lacrimal (x2), 
Maxilla (x2), 
Nasal (x2),
Inferior concha (x2) 
Palatine bone (x2) 
volmer
Zygoma (x2)
Mandible.

Question 5

Name the cranial sutures.

Fused in adults

Answer 5

Coronal (at the front)
Sagittal (down the middle)
Lambdoid (at the back)

Question 6

What are fontanelles?

Answer 6

(Babies) Membranous gaps between the cranial bones, before the sutures fuse.

Question 7

Relevance of fontanelles during birth.

Answer 7

Shift and overlap to allow the baby to travel though the birth canal. Eventually take normal position.

Question 8

When does the anterior fontanelle fuse?

Answer 8

2 years old.

Question 9

When does the posterior fontanelle fuse?

Answer 9

2 months old.

Question 10

Name a characteristic of the temporal bone?

Answer 10

Petrous = bumpy.

Question 11

What is the weakest point of the skull?

Answer 11

Temporal.

Question 12

Why is trauma to the temporal region dangerous?

Answer 12

A large vessel runs beneath the pterion (where cranial bones meet posterior to the temple) can burst and cause large bleeds.

Question 13

Where does the brain and spinal cord communicate?

Answer 13

Foramen magnum.

Question 14

What happens when there is increased inter cranial presser?

Answer 14

Brain is forced down the foramen magnum where the brainstem sits. Affects breathing, heart rate etc.

Question 15

What facial bone absorbs impact from trauma? “Crash barrier”

Answer 15

Zygoma.

Question 16

What is the structure called that ONLY the optic nerve runs through?

Answer 16

Optic foramen

Question 17

What does the superior orbital fissure contain?

Answer 17

All the other nerves that innervate the eye (except the optic nerve)

Question 18

What does the infraorbital canal contain?

Infraorbital foramen is the exit hole in the face

Answer 18

Infraorbital artery, vein and nerve

Question 19

What nerve supplies the front 6 teeth?

Answer 19

Nasopalatine nerve.

Question 20

Does the internal or external carotid artery have branches?

Answer 20

External has branches in the neck.

Question 21

What does the external carotid artery supply?

Answer 21

External structures

Question 22

What does the internal carotid artery supply?

Answer 22

80% brain blood supply.

Head and neck structures.

Question 23

Arterial blood supply to the pharynx.

Answer 23

Ascending pharyngeal artery.

Question 24

Arterial blood supply to the thyroid.

Answer 24

superior thyroid artery.

Question 25

Arterial blood supply to the floor of the mouth.

Answer 25

Lingual artery.

Question 26

Arterial blood supply to the face.

Answer 26

The facial artery.

Question 27

Arterial blood supply to the back of the scalp.

Answer 27

Occipital artery.

Question 28

Arterial blood supply to the ear.

Answer 28

Posterior auricular.

Question 29

What vascular components does the parotid gland contain?

Answer 29

Facial nerve, External carotid artery. Retromandibular vein.

Question 30

What is the function of the INTERNAL jugular vein?

Answer 30

Drains the brain (inside of the skull) and neck.

Question 31

What is the function of the EXTERNAL jugular vein?

Answer 31

Drains external structures.

Question 32

What is contained within the cavernous sinus?

Answer 32

Internal carotid artery, Large vein that joint all of the veins at the font of the face. (Drains the front of the face)

Question 33

What kind of sinus is the cavernous sinus?

Answer 33

Dura venous sinus

Question 34

What cranial nerves supply the head and neck?

Answer 34

Trigeminal (5) , facial (7), glossopharyngeal (9) and the hypoglossal (12).

Question 35

What type of joint is the temporomandibular joint?

Answer 35

Synovial joint (filled with fluid)

Question 36

What is unique about the TMJ?

Answer 36

Partial dislocation every time it moves.

Question 37

What is the only muscle that opens the jaw?

Answer 37

Lateral pterygoid.

Question 38

What prevents permeant dislocation of the jaw?

Answer 38

The articular eminence.

Question 39

What nerve passes through he mandibular foramen? | Exit hole called the mental foramen

Answer 39

Inferior alveolar nerve (division of the trigeminal nerve)

Question 40

What muscle attaches to the coronoid process?

Answer 40

Temporalis

Question 41

What is the articular surface of the TMJ covered by?

Answer 41

fibrocartilage cartilage. NOT HYALINE

Question 42

What is the function of the styloid process?

Answer 42

Small piece of bone that allows muscle/ligament attachment for stabilisation of the TMJ.

Question 43

What is the danger associated with the styloid process?

Answer 43

Located near the INTERNAL carotid artery, can puncture.

Question 44

What position is the TMJ most stable at?

Answer 44

Occluded position.

Question 45

What is the blood supply to the TMJ?

Answer 45

Superficial temporal and the maxillary branch of the external carotid artery.

Question 46

What is the nerve supply of the TMJ?

Answer 46

Trigeminal nerve. Mandibular branch.

Question 47

What is the only muscle of mastication responsible for elevating the mandible (opening)?

Answer 47

The lateral pterygoid.

Question 48

What are the muscles of mastication responsible for closing the mouth?

Answer 48

Temporalis, masseter and the medial pterygoid.

Question 49

What is the superior limit of the neck?

Answer 49

Mandible and base of the skull

Question 50

What is the interior limit of the neck?

Answer 50

Thoracic inlet.

Question 51

What muscle divides the neck into anterior and posterior divisions?

Answer 51

Sternocleidomastoid

Question 52

Characteristics of the mastoid process?

Answer 52

Part of temporal bone that is filled with air cells to lighten the skull.

Question 53

Name the boundaries of the anterior triangle.

Answer 53

Sternocleidomastoid, the midline and the mandible.

Question 54

Name the muscles of the anterior triangle of the neck?

Answer 54

Mylohyoid (floor of mouth) Anterior belly of digastric (slightly pulls down the mandible) Strap muscles.

Question 55

Name the strap muscles.

Answer 55

Infrahyoid, omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid and the thyrohyoid.

Question 56

Name the skeletal elements present in the anterior triangle of the neck.

Answer 56

Thyroid cartilage (testosterone influence) Cricoid cartilage hyoid bone.

Question 57

Name the glands of the anterior triangle.

Answer 57

Thyroid and the parathyroid.

Question 58

What is the thyroid enclosed in? What is the clinical test to assess the function of this?

Answer 58

Pre-tracheal fascia. | Clinical test: Give patient water and ask them to swallow. The enclosed thyroid will move up and and down.

Question 59

What is the blood supply to the thyroid?

Answer 59

The superior external carotid artery and the thyrocervical trunk of the subclavian artery.

Question 60

what is the levator glandular thyroidae?

Answer 60

A fibrous or muscular band that can extend from the foramen caecum (posterior section) of the tongue.

Question 61

What is a frozen section?

Answer 61

After an operation on the thyroid has been carried out a sample of tissue from around the parathroid is taken and sent to the lab to ensure none of the parathyroid tissue has been accidentally removed.

Question 62

What condition occurs if parathyroid tissue is removed?

Answer 62

Tetany: Abnormal muscle movements due to lack of calcium.

Question 63

What nerves supply the anterior triangle of the neck?

Answer 63

Vagus, phrenic and the hypoglossal.

Question 64

What is the blood supply to the anterior division of the neck?

Answer 64

Common carotid artery. (bifurcation at C3-5) | Internal jugular vein.

Question 65

Name the nerves f the posterior triangle of the neck.

Answer 65

``` Accessory nerve (motor function to sternocleo and the trapezius) Brachial plexus (motor and sensory function to the upper limbs) Cutaneous cervical nerves (supply the skin) ```

Question 66

where does the brachial plexus start and finish in relation to the spine?

Answer 66

Starts: C5 Ends: T1

Question 67

What is the brachial plexus composed of?

Answer 67

Roots, trunks, cords and terminal branches. (anterior and posterior divisions)

Question 68

What structure in the posterior divisions of the neck filter infection and start the immune response?

Answer 68

Lymph Nodes.

Question 69

What is the nerve supply to the oblicularis oculi?

Answer 69

The temporal and zygomatic branch of the facial nerve.

Question 70

What bone in the base of the skull does the facial nerve pass through?

Answer 70

The petrous temporal bone.

Question 71

Where does the facial nerve exit the skull?

Answer 71

The stylomastoid foramen.

Question 72

List the terminal branches of the brachial plexus.

Answer 72

Musculotaneous, ulnar, radial, median and axillary.