Molecular Biology Flashcards
What compromises a nucleotide?
Sugar + base + phosphate
can have more than 1 phosphate
What are the 2 nucleic acids?
DNA
RNA
cAMP is synthesised from what molecule?
ATP.
What enzyme speeds up the synthesis of cAMP from ATP?
adenyl cyclase.
In terms of coenzymeS; NAD+ is in what form?
Oxidised form.
In terms of coenzymeS; NADP+ is in what form?
Reduced form.
What is the function of NAD in redox reactions?
Accepts or donates electrons.
What compromises nucleosides?
Base + sugar
What bond creates the sugar-phosphate bonds of the DNA backbone?
3’-5’ phosphodiester bonds
What is the double strand of DNA held by?
H bonds
How many hydrogen bonds and in C-G bonds?
3
How many hydrogen bonds and in A-T bonds?
2
What are the differences between DNA and RNA?
RNA:
single stranded.
U instead of T
Ribose sugar
Where can a hairpin loop be found?
In RNA.
What is a hairpin loop?
A local double stand of RNA. Occurs if nearby bases are complementary.
What is the function of tRNA?
Translates mRNA by presents a gene coding for an AA to the growing polypeptide chain.
What is the function of rRNA?
Copies the sequence of bases in the template strand of DNA to form mRNA.
What enzyme converts the template strand to mRNA?
RNA polymerase
What is the universal start codon?
AUG
What are the 3 stop codons?
UAA, UGA, UAG
Name and explain the 3 substitution mutations.
Conservative: AA replaced by one with similar properties.
(Both dangerous and harmless)
Non-conservative: AA replaced with one that has different properties.
(Dangerous)
Silent mutation: No change to the AA.
Name the 2 frameshift mutations.
Insertion&Deletion: Completely different sequence, can have premature/delayed termination if a stop codon is present.
What base substitution causes sickle cell anaemia?
GAG to GTG
How does gel electrophoresis work?
Fragments are separated based on their size.
In DNA sequencing, what reaction components are present?
Single strand of DNA: Template.
Primer: Allows synthesis
dNTPs: Detects the DNA sequence.
ddNTPs: Terminate synthesis.
DNA polymerase: Catalyses synthesis.
Label: Fluorescent/radioactive.
What does dNTPs stand for?
deoxynucleotides
What does ddNTPs stand for?
dideoxynucleotides
Where does the fluorescent/radioactive label mark the strand?
5’ end
