The brain Flashcards
what are the lobes of the brain
parietal
frontal
occipital
temporal
cerebellum
what is the space between the two cerebral hemispheres
longitudinal fissure
the 2 hemispheres of the brain communicate via
corpus callosum
what rests on the superior surface of the corpus callosum
anterior cerebral arteries
the anterior cerebral arteries supply blood where
frontal and parietal lobes
what is the space on the lateral surface between the temporal lobe and the frontal/parietal lobes
lateral fissure
the lateral fissure contains what
middle cerebral artery
what is the name of the groove that runs from the longitudinal to the lateral fissure
central sulcus
the central sulcus separates what
frontal and parietal lobes
where is the motor cortex
pre-central gyrus
where is the sensory cortex
post-central gyrus
what is the lump and groove of each fold of the brain called
gyrus - lump
groove - sulcus
where is the visual cortex
occipital lobe
where is the auditory cortex
temporal lobe
where is brocas speech area (motor)
frontal lobe just above lateral fissure
where is wenekes speech area
just behind lateral fissure
the thalamus and hypothalamus are parts of what
diencephalon
what are the structures of the brainstem from superior to inferior
midbrain
pons
medulla
what is the corpus callosum
white matter tract that connects the cerebral hemispheres
what are association tracts in the brain
between gyri of the same hemisphere
what are commisural tracts/fibres
from one hemisphere to the corresponding region of the other
what are projection fibres
from cerebrum to thalamus, brainstem
the basal ganglia lie deep in the brain mostly surrounded by
the insula
the basal ganglia lie deep in the brain mostly surrounded by the insula except for what
substansia nigra which lies in the midbrain
why is the substansia nigra called that
looks like a small black line crossing the tissue of the midbrain
what is the main action of the basal ganglia
regulate initiation and termination of body movements
also thought to be involved in memory, planning and emotional response via the limbic system
the substansia nigra in the midbrain communicates with what
caudate and putamen
sub-thalamic nuclei communicate with what
globus palladus
what separates the caudate nucleus from the putamen and globus palladus
internal capsule
what is the lentiform nucleus
globus pallidus and putamen
what are the large holes in the middle of a brain section
lateral ventricles usually filled with CSF
what is the structure that hangs into the ventricles to create CSF
choroid plexus
the diencephalon is composed of _ areas
3
what are the 3 areas of the diencephalon
thalamus
pineal gland
hypothalamus
what is the largest area of the diencephalon
thalamus
what is the function of the thalamus
- major sensory relay station
- spinal cord, brainstem, midbrain to thalamus then to cerebral hemispheres
- also involved in motor pathways
- connections to hypothalamus and limbic system
what is the function of the pineal gland (epithalamus)
produces melatonin to regulate body clock, also contains habenular nucleus - olfaction and emotional response
what hormone regulates body clock
melatonin
what is the function of the hypothalamus
regulation of autonomic nervous system and homeostasis (body temp, thirst centres,)
produces hormones
the hypothalamus has connections to
the pituitary gland
what links the nervous and endocrine systems
hypothalamus via its communication with pituitary gland
what structure connects the pons and medulla to diencephalon
midbrain
what is the function of the superior colliculi of the midbrain
visual tracking
scanning
what is the function of the inferior colliculi of the midbrain
auditory startle reflex
what controls subconscious muscle action
substansia nigra
what are the 2 structures on the posterior surface of the midbrain
superior and inferior colliculi
what are some internal features of the midbrain
red nuclei
substansia nigra
what is the function of red nuclei
co-ordinate muscle movement
what cranial nerves come from the midbrain
CN III (oculomotor) and CN IV (trochlear)
the pons is the origin of what cranial nerves
V VI VII and vestibular part of VIII
the medulla is the origin of what cranial nerves
IX X XI XII and cochlear part of CN VIII
what is the function of the pons
pontine nuclei - coordination and maximising voluntary motor output
pneumotaxic - help to control breathing
what is the function of the medulla
contains the pyramids (motor tracts)
cardiovascular centres (rate/fore heartbeat and diameter of vessels)
breathing centres
nuclei concerned with touch, pressure and vibration
the olives of the medulla do what
proprioception (joint and muscle position)
where are the breathing centres in the brain
medulla
the cerebellum is involved with many aspects of
movement
the cerebellum communicates with other areas of the brain via the
cerebellar peduncles
how does the cerebellum appear on gross anatomy and in cross section
grossly has many folds
cross section forms a delicate leaf like pattern
what is the function of the cerebellum
controls sub-conscious aspects of skeletal muscle movements and coordinates complex sequences
regulates posture and balance
what are the folds of the cerebellum called
folia
the superior cerebellar peduncle connects what
midbrain to cerebellum
the middle cerebellar peduncle connects what
pons to cerebellum
the inferior cerebellar peduncle connects what
medulla to cerebellum
the pituitary gland has important communications with
the hypothalamus
the pituitary gland sits under a small piece of dura covering the
sella turcica
the pituitary gland communicates with the rest of the brain via
tiny pituitary stalk
what is the function of the pituitary gland
releases growth hormone, FSH, LH
the blood supply to the brain is via what
internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries
the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries anastomose to form what
circle of willis
the vertebral arteries ascend the neck through what
foramina transversari of cervical vertebrae
the vertebral arteries join where to form what
close to the foramen magnum to form the basilar artery
the internal carotid artery is a terminal branch of the common carotid artery that passes into ____ and through the _____
carotid canal
cavernous venous sinus
the anterior cerebral arteries supply
frontal and parietal lobes
the middle cerebral arteries supply what
temporal lobes
the posterior cerebral arteries supply
occipital lobe and base of brain
the basilar artery gives off what branches
cerebellar, pontine, medullary
the vertebral arteries come from where
subclavian
what is the pia mater
innermost layer that sticks to the surface of neural tissue
what is the arachnoid mater
middle layer, fine spiderweb connective tissue
what is the dura mater
outermost layer of tough connective tissue sheath
where is the subarachnoid space
lies between the pia and the arachnoid. contains CSF
what is the name of the fold of dura between the cerebral hemispheres
falx cerebri
the falx cerebri carries what in its lower border
inferior sagittal dural venous sinus
what is the dura covering the cerebellum
tentorium cerebelli
the dura lines the
skull
what forms the dural venous sinuses
dura mater
what covers the surface of the brain and carries blood vessels
arachnoid
what adheres to the surface of the brain going into the sulci and around the gyri
pia
what gives blood supply to the dura of the anterior fossa
anterior meningeal artery
where does the anterior meningeal artery come from
ethmoid branches of the internal carotid
what is the major vessel supplying the dura
middle meningeal artery
where does the middle meningeal artery come from
maxillary artery
the maxillary artery passes through what foramen
spinosum
damage to what vessel will cause an extra-dural haemorrhage
extra-dural - compresses the brain
what supplies the dura of the posterior fossa
posterior meningeal artery
where does the posterior meningeal artery come from
occipital artery
nerve supply to the dura is mainly from
trigeminal nerve
nerve supply to the dura is mainly from the trigeminal nerve but nerves also ascend through what foramina
foramen magnum, hypoglossal canal and jugular foramen from C2 and C3 of the neck
The nerve supply is mainly from the trigeminal nerve but nerves also ascend through the foramen magnum, hypoglossal canal and jugular foramen from C2 and C3 nerves of the neck. Some of these fibres are carried by the…
hypoglossal and vagus nerves
the anterior meningeal branches of the ethmoidal nerve are from
CN V1
C2 C3 fibres give nerve supply to
floor of posterior cranial fossa
the tentorial nerve is from
recurrent meningeal branch of opthalmic nerve - CNV1
what supplies innervation to the dura of anterior cranial fossa
anterior ethmoidal nerve (CNV1)
anterior meningeal branches of ethmoidal nerve CNV1
meningeal branch of CN V2
what supplies innervation to the dura of middle cranial fossa
meningeal branches of the mandibular nerve CNV3 including nervus spinosus
what supplies innervation to the dura of posterior cranial fossa
tentorial nerve (recurrent meningeal branch of opthalmic CNV1)
the dural venous sinuses drain blood from the brain and channel it into the
internal jugular vein
the dural venous sinuses form communications between
cavernous venous sinus, pterygoid venous plexus, opthalmic veins, facial vein
each dural venous sinus is formed between what
periosteum of the skull and dura or between 2 layers of dura
give an example of a dural venous sinus between the periosteum of the skull and the dura
sigmoid sinus
give an example of a dural venous sinus between 2 layers of dura
inferior sagittal sinus
what is a potential route for infection into the meninges (bacterial meningitis)
communication between emissary veins of scalp and superior sagittal sinus, and between cavernous sinus and facial/inferior orbital veins
the confluence of the sinuses at the back of the head collect blood and pass it to where
transverse and sigmoid sinuses
from the transverse and sigmoid sinuses, blood drains where
internal jugular veins
what cells make CSF
ependymal cells
what are the lateral ventricles
ventricles inside each of the cerebral hemispheres (one each side)
where is the 3rd ventricle
between 2 parts of the thalamus
what ventricle is related to the cerebellum and brainstem
4th ventricle
what allows movement of CSF between ventricles and the spinal cord
small foramina and cerebral aqueduct
lateral ventricles are really what ventricles
ventricles 1 and 2
where does the cerebral aqueduct run
through the midbrain to connect the 3rd and 4th ventricles
how is the 3rd ventricle connected to the lateral ventricles
inter-ventricular foramina of monro
how is the 4th ventricle connected to the subarachnoid space
2 lateral and 1 median apertures
how is the 4th ventricle connected to the spinal cord
connected to the central canal
the ependymal cells are clumped together as the
choroid plexus
where is the choroid plexus
hangs inside ventricles and creates CSF
what is a build up of CSF called
hydrocephaly
how is hydrocephaly avoided when CSF is being made constantly
arachnoid granulations communicate between the sub-arachnoid space and dural venous sinuses to provide a route to add the CSF back into the blood
what do the arachnoid granulations cause to be formed inside the cranial vault
small pits inside the cranial vault related to where the superior sagittal dural venous sinus lies
how do ependymal cells make CSF
filter blood
where are choroid plexi found
lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricles
CSF circulates where
through the ventricles and into subarachnoid space
CSF constantly recycled by loss through arachnoid granulations into where
dural venous sinuses
