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Regional Anatomy > The brain > Flashcards

The brain Flashcards

1
Q

what are the lobes of the brain

A

parietal
frontal
occipital
temporal
cerebellum

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2
Q

what is the space between the two cerebral hemispheres

A

longitudinal fissure

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3
Q

the 2 hemispheres of the brain communicate via

A

corpus callosum

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4
Q

what rests on the superior surface of the corpus callosum

A

anterior cerebral arteries

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5
Q

the anterior cerebral arteries supply blood where

A

frontal and parietal lobes

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6
Q

what is the space on the lateral surface between the temporal lobe and the frontal/parietal lobes

A

lateral fissure

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7
Q

the lateral fissure contains what

A

middle cerebral artery

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8
Q

what is the name of the groove that runs from the longitudinal to the lateral fissure

A

central sulcus

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9
Q

the central sulcus separates what

A

frontal and parietal lobes

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10
Q

where is the motor cortex

A

pre-central gyrus

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11
Q

where is the sensory cortex

A

post-central gyrus

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12
Q

what is the lump and groove of each fold of the brain called

A

gyrus - lump
groove - sulcus

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13
Q

where is the visual cortex

A

occipital lobe

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14
Q

where is the auditory cortex

A

temporal lobe

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15
Q

where is brocas speech area (motor)

A

frontal lobe just above lateral fissure

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16
Q

where is wenekes speech area

A

just behind lateral fissure

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17
Q

the thalamus and hypothalamus are parts of what

A

diencephalon

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18
Q

what are the structures of the brainstem from superior to inferior

A

midbrain
pons
medulla

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19
Q

what is the corpus callosum

A

white matter tract that connects the cerebral hemispheres

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20
Q

what are association tracts in the brain

A

between gyri of the same hemisphere

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21
Q

what are commisural tracts/fibres

A

from one hemisphere to the corresponding region of the other

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22
Q

what are projection fibres

A

from cerebrum to thalamus, brainstem

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23
Q

the basal ganglia lie deep in the brain mostly surrounded by

A

the insula

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24
Q

the basal ganglia lie deep in the brain mostly surrounded by the insula except for what

A

substansia nigra which lies in the midbrain

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25
Q

why is the substansia nigra called that

A

looks like a small black line crossing the tissue of the midbrain

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26
Q

what is the main action of the basal ganglia

A

regulate initiation and termination of body movements
also thought to be involved in memory, planning and emotional response via the limbic system

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27
Q

the substansia nigra in the midbrain communicates with what

A

caudate and putamen

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28
Q

sub-thalamic nuclei communicate with what

A

globus palladus

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29
Q

what separates the caudate nucleus from the putamen and globus palladus

A

internal capsule

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30
Q

what is the lentiform nucleus

A

globus pallidus and putamen

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31
Q

what are the large holes in the middle of a brain section

A

lateral ventricles usually filled with CSF

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32
Q

what is the structure that hangs into the ventricles to create CSF

A

choroid plexus

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33
Q

the diencephalon is composed of _ areas

A

3

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34
Q

what are the 3 areas of the diencephalon

A

thalamus
pineal gland
hypothalamus

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35
Q

what is the largest area of the diencephalon

A

thalamus

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36
Q

what is the function of the thalamus

A
  • major sensory relay station
  • spinal cord, brainstem, midbrain to thalamus then to cerebral hemispheres
  • also involved in motor pathways
  • connections to hypothalamus and limbic system
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37
Q

what is the function of the pineal gland (epithalamus)

A

produces melatonin to regulate body clock, also contains habenular nucleus - olfaction and emotional response

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38
Q

what hormone regulates body clock

A

melatonin

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39
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus

A

regulation of autonomic nervous system and homeostasis (body temp, thirst centres,)
produces hormones

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40
Q

the hypothalamus has connections to

A

the pituitary gland

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41
Q

what links the nervous and endocrine systems

A

hypothalamus via its communication with pituitary gland

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42
Q

what structure connects the pons and medulla to diencephalon

A

midbrain

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43
Q

what is the function of the superior colliculi of the midbrain

A

visual tracking
scanning

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44
Q

what is the function of the inferior colliculi of the midbrain

A

auditory startle reflex

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45
Q

what controls subconscious muscle action

A

substansia nigra

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46
Q

what are the 2 structures on the posterior surface of the midbrain

A

superior and inferior colliculi

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47
Q

what are some internal features of the midbrain

A

red nuclei
substansia nigra

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48
Q

what is the function of red nuclei

A

co-ordinate muscle movement

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49
Q

what cranial nerves come from the midbrain

A

CN III (oculomotor) and CN IV (trochlear)

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50
Q

the pons is the origin of what cranial nerves

A

V VI VII and vestibular part of VIII

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51
Q

the medulla is the origin of what cranial nerves

A

IX X XI XII and cochlear part of CN VIII

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52
Q

what is the function of the pons

A

pontine nuclei - coordination and maximising voluntary motor output
pneumotaxic - help to control breathing

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53
Q

what is the function of the medulla

A

contains the pyramids (motor tracts)
cardiovascular centres (rate/fore heartbeat and diameter of vessels)
breathing centres
nuclei concerned with touch, pressure and vibration

54
Q

the olives of the medulla do what

A

proprioception (joint and muscle position)

55
Q

where are the breathing centres in the brain

A

medulla

56
Q

the cerebellum is involved with many aspects of

A

movement

57
Q

the cerebellum communicates with other areas of the brain via the

A

cerebellar peduncles

58
Q

how does the cerebellum appear on gross anatomy and in cross section

A

grossly has many folds
cross section forms a delicate leaf like pattern

59
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum

A

controls sub-conscious aspects of skeletal muscle movements and coordinates complex sequences
regulates posture and balance

60
Q

what are the folds of the cerebellum called

A

folia

61
Q

the superior cerebellar peduncle connects what

A

midbrain to cerebellum

62
Q

the middle cerebellar peduncle connects what

A

pons to cerebellum

63
Q

the inferior cerebellar peduncle connects what

A

medulla to cerebellum

64
Q

the pituitary gland has important communications with

A

the hypothalamus

65
Q

the pituitary gland sits under a small piece of dura covering the

A

sella turcica

66
Q

the pituitary gland communicates with the rest of the brain via

A

tiny pituitary stalk

67
Q

what is the function of the pituitary gland

A

releases growth hormone, FSH, LH

68
Q

the blood supply to the brain is via what

A

internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries

69
Q

the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries anastomose to form what

A

circle of willis

70
Q

the vertebral arteries ascend the neck through what

A

foramina transversari of cervical vertebrae

71
Q

the vertebral arteries join where to form what

A

close to the foramen magnum to form the basilar artery

72
Q

the internal carotid artery is a terminal branch of the common carotid artery that passes into ____ and through the _____

A

carotid canal
cavernous venous sinus

73
Q

the anterior cerebral arteries supply

A

frontal and parietal lobes

74
Q

the middle cerebral arteries supply what

A

temporal lobes

75
Q

the posterior cerebral arteries supply

A

occipital lobe and base of brain

76
Q

the basilar artery gives off what branches

A

cerebellar, pontine, medullary

77
Q

the vertebral arteries come from where

A

subclavian

78
Q

what is the pia mater

A

innermost layer that sticks to the surface of neural tissue

79
Q

what is the arachnoid mater

A

middle layer, fine spiderweb connective tissue

80
Q

what is the dura mater

A

outermost layer of tough connective tissue sheath

81
Q

where is the subarachnoid space

A

lies between the pia and the arachnoid. contains CSF

82
Q

what is the name of the fold of dura between the cerebral hemispheres

A

falx cerebri

83
Q

the falx cerebri carries what in its lower border

A

inferior sagittal dural venous sinus

84
Q

what is the dura covering the cerebellum

A

tentorium cerebelli

85
Q

the dura lines the

A

skull

86
Q

what forms the dural venous sinuses

A

dura mater

87
Q

what covers the surface of the brain and carries blood vessels

A

arachnoid

88
Q

what adheres to the surface of the brain going into the sulci and around the gyri

A

pia

89
Q

what gives blood supply to the dura of the anterior fossa

A

anterior meningeal artery

90
Q

where does the anterior meningeal artery come from

A

ethmoid branches of the internal carotid

91
Q

what is the major vessel supplying the dura

A

middle meningeal artery

92
Q

where does the middle meningeal artery come from

A

maxillary artery

93
Q

the maxillary artery passes through what foramen

A

spinosum

94
Q

damage to what vessel will cause an extra-dural haemorrhage

A

extra-dural - compresses the brain

95
Q

what supplies the dura of the posterior fossa

A

posterior meningeal artery

96
Q

where does the posterior meningeal artery come from

A

occipital artery

97
Q

nerve supply to the dura is mainly from

A

trigeminal nerve

98
Q

nerve supply to the dura is mainly from the trigeminal nerve but nerves also ascend through what foramina

A

foramen magnum, hypoglossal canal and jugular foramen from C2 and C3 of the neck

99
Q

The nerve supply is mainly from the trigeminal nerve but nerves also ascend through the foramen magnum, hypoglossal canal and jugular foramen from C2 and C3 nerves of the neck. Some of these fibres are carried by the…

A

hypoglossal and vagus nerves

100
Q

the anterior meningeal branches of the ethmoidal nerve are from

A

CN V1

101
Q

C2 C3 fibres give nerve supply to

A

floor of posterior cranial fossa

102
Q

the tentorial nerve is from

A

recurrent meningeal branch of opthalmic nerve - CNV1

103
Q

what supplies innervation to the dura of anterior cranial fossa

A

anterior ethmoidal nerve (CNV1)
anterior meningeal branches of ethmoidal nerve CNV1
meningeal branch of CN V2

104
Q

what supplies innervation to the dura of middle cranial fossa

A

meningeal branches of the mandibular nerve CNV3 including nervus spinosus

105
Q

what supplies innervation to the dura of posterior cranial fossa

A

tentorial nerve (recurrent meningeal branch of opthalmic CNV1)

106
Q

the dural venous sinuses drain blood from the brain and channel it into the

A

internal jugular vein

107
Q

the dural venous sinuses form communications between

A

cavernous venous sinus, pterygoid venous plexus, opthalmic veins, facial vein

108
Q

each dural venous sinus is formed between what

A

periosteum of the skull and dura or between 2 layers of dura

109
Q

give an example of a dural venous sinus between the periosteum of the skull and the dura

A

sigmoid sinus

110
Q

give an example of a dural venous sinus between 2 layers of dura

A

inferior sagittal sinus

111
Q

what is a potential route for infection into the meninges (bacterial meningitis)

A

communication between emissary veins of scalp and superior sagittal sinus, and between cavernous sinus and facial/inferior orbital veins

112
Q

the confluence of the sinuses at the back of the head collect blood and pass it to where

A

transverse and sigmoid sinuses

113
Q

from the transverse and sigmoid sinuses, blood drains where

A

internal jugular veins

114
Q

what cells make CSF

A

ependymal cells

115
Q

what are the lateral ventricles

A

ventricles inside each of the cerebral hemispheres (one each side)

116
Q

where is the 3rd ventricle

A

between 2 parts of the thalamus

117
Q

what ventricle is related to the cerebellum and brainstem

A

4th ventricle

118
Q

what allows movement of CSF between ventricles and the spinal cord

A

small foramina and cerebral aqueduct

119
Q

lateral ventricles are really what ventricles

A

ventricles 1 and 2

120
Q

where does the cerebral aqueduct run

A

through the midbrain to connect the 3rd and 4th ventricles

121
Q

how is the 3rd ventricle connected to the lateral ventricles

A

inter-ventricular foramina of monro

122
Q

how is the 4th ventricle connected to the subarachnoid space

A

2 lateral and 1 median apertures

123
Q

how is the 4th ventricle connected to the spinal cord

A

connected to the central canal

124
Q

the ependymal cells are clumped together as the

A

choroid plexus

125
Q

where is the choroid plexus

A

hangs inside ventricles and creates CSF

126
Q

what is a build up of CSF called

A

hydrocephaly

127
Q

how is hydrocephaly avoided when CSF is being made constantly

A

arachnoid granulations communicate between the sub-arachnoid space and dural venous sinuses to provide a route to add the CSF back into the blood

128
Q

what do the arachnoid granulations cause to be formed inside the cranial vault

A

small pits inside the cranial vault related to where the superior sagittal dural venous sinus lies

129
Q

how do ependymal cells make CSF

A

filter blood

130
Q

where are choroid plexi found

A

lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricles

131
Q

CSF circulates where

A

through the ventricles and into subarachnoid space

132
Q

CSF constantly recycled by loss through arachnoid granulations into where

A

dural venous sinuses

Regional Anatomy (36 decks)

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