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Regional Anatomy > Pharynx > Flashcards

Pharynx Flashcards

1
Q

where does the pharynx extend from

A

base of the skull to the oesophagus

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2
Q

what lines the nasopharynx

A

same as rest of nasal cavity - delicate respiratory epithelia (ciliated columnar epithelium)

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3
Q

the pharynx except for the nasopharynx is lined with what

A

stratified squamous epithelium - same as the oesophagus

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4
Q

why is the rest of the pharynx lined with stratified squamous epithelium

A

to compensate for the abrasion of the wall from passing food

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5
Q

where does the pharynx join the oesophagus

A

C6

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6
Q

the strong muscular layer of the oesophagus is for what

A

push food from the oral cavity into the oesophagus

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7
Q

the fibrous layer of the pharynx under the epithelium connects to what

A

base of skull and into submucous coat of the oesophagus

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8
Q

describe the structure of the muscular pharynx layer

A

almost circular constrictor muscles and longitudinal muscles

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9
Q

the upper end of the pharynx is what shape

A

funnel

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10
Q

what are the 3 divisions of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
larnygopharynx

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11
Q

where is the nasopharynx

A

posterior to the nasal cavities above the soft palate

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12
Q

where is the oropharynx

A

posterior to the mouth between the soft palate and upper border of epiglottis

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13
Q

where is the laryngopharynx

A

passes posterior to the larynx to blend with the oesophagus

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14
Q

what is contained in the lateral wall of the nasopharynx

A

auditory tube

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15
Q

the cartilage in the walls of the auditory tube allow attachment for what

A

tensor and levator palatini
salpingopharyngeus

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16
Q

what is salpinopharyngeus

A

longitudinal muscle of the phraynx

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17
Q

what forms the roof of the nasopharynx

A

sphenoid, occipital and pharyngeal tonsil

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18
Q

what forms the floor of the nasopharynx

A

soft palate - pharyngeal isthmus

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19
Q

what forms the anterior boundary of the nasopharynx

A

nasal passages

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20
Q

what forms the posterior boundary of the nasopharynx

A

roof (sphenoid, occipital and pharyngeal tonsil) and C1 level

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21
Q

what forms the lateral walls of the nasopharynx

A

auditory tube, salpingopharyngeal fold

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22
Q

what does the auditory tube do

A

communicates with the middle ear and allows air to pass between the pharynx and middle ear to equalise pressure either side of tympanic membrane so the membrane can move freely in response to sound waves

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23
Q

what forms the roof of the oropharynx

A

soft palate

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24
Q

what forms the floor of the oropharynx

A

posterior 1/3 tongue
lingual tonsil
glossoepiglottic folds

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25
Q

what forms the anterior boundary of the oropharynx

A

mouth

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26
Q

what forms the posterior border of the oropharynx

A

C2/3 level

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27
Q

what forms the lateral border of the oropharynx

A

palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds with palatine tonsil

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28
Q

where does the palatine tonsil sit

A

between the palatoglossal (anterior) and palatopharyngeal (posterior) folds

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29
Q

what muscles form the arches at the back of the mouth

A

palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus

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30
Q

what forms the anterior boundary of the laryngopharynx

A

larynx

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31
Q

what forms the posterior boundary of the laryngopharynx

A

C3-6

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32
Q

what forms the lateral wall of the laryngopharynx

A

supported by thyroid cartilage
aryepiglottic fold
thyrohyoid membrane

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33
Q

there are _ constrictor muscles within the pharynx

A

3

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34
Q

there are _ parts of each constrictor muscle

A

2

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35
Q

which constrictor muscle of the pharynx contributes to the nasopharynx and oropharynx

A

superior constrictor

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36
Q

the right and left side of the superior constrictor meet where

A

posterior midline in a fibrous join called a raphe

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37
Q

what are the attachments of the superior constrictor

A

lower part (posterior) medial pterygoid plate, hamulus, pterygomandibular ligament, mandible, side of tongue
–> pharyngeal tubercle of occipital bone, fibrous raphe and middle constrictor

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38
Q

what is the function of the superior constrictor

A

upper fibres - pull posterior pharyngeal wall anteriorly to close off nasopharynx
propel food to middle constrictor

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39
Q

what is the innervation of the superior constrictor

A

pharyngeal plexus

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40
Q

the pterygomandibular ligament provides attachment for what 2 muscles

A

buccinator anteriorly
superior constrictor posteriorly

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41
Q

how does the pterygomandibular ligament effectively close off the oral cavity

A

connection between the lateral wall (buccinator) and the oropharynx

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42
Q

how does the superior constrictor prevent food passing towards the nose

A

raises the pharyngeal wall and pulls it forwards towards the nasal cavities

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43
Q

the constrictors are all supplied by what

A

vagus nerve running in the pharyngeal plexus

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44
Q

what are the attachments of the middle constrictor

A

lower part of stylohyoid ligament to the greater and lesser cornua of the hyoid bone
—> to raphe but also blend with superior and inferior constrictor

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45
Q

what is the function of the middle constrictor

A

propel food towards inferior constrictor

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46
Q

what is the innervation of the middle constrictor

A

pharyngeal plexus (vagus nerve)

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47
Q

the middle constrictor contributes to the wall of what

A

oropharynx

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48
Q

what are the attachments of the inferior constrictor

A

lamina of thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage
–> to raphe and blend with middle constrictor and oesophagus

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49
Q

what is the function of the inferior constrictor

A

propel food to oesophagus

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50
Q

what is the innervation of the inferior constrictor

A

pharyngeal plexus (vagus nerve)

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51
Q

what are the 2 parts of the inferior constrictor

A

thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus

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52
Q

what muscle fibres is thyropharyngeus

A

muscle fibres of inferior constrictor that pass onto the midline

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53
Q

what muscle fibres are cricopharyngeus

A

more circular fibres of the inferior constrictor

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54
Q

what is the function of the cricopharyngeus

A

acts as a sphincter that prevents air passing into the oesophagus

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55
Q

what is different about the innervation of cricopharyngeus

A

all of the constrictor muscles receive innervation from the vagus nerve as it forms the pharyngeal plexus but cricopharyngeus is innervated by a diferent branch; external laryngeal nerve

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56
Q

what nerve supplies cricopharyngeus

A

external laryngeal nerve

57
Q

in addition to the constrictor muscles, there are _ small longitudinally arranged muscles

58
Q

what is the innervation of stylopharyngeus

A

glossopharyngeal nerve

59
Q

what is the innervation of the longitudinal pharyngeal muscles except for stylopharyngeus

A

pharyngeal plexus

60
Q

what is the function of stylopharyngeus

A

helps to elevate the pharynx to more effectively pull food into the pharynx and close off the nasopharynx

61
Q

what are the attachments of stylopharyngeus

A

base of styloid process of the temporal bone to the posterior border of the thyroid cartilage

62
Q

the styloid process of the temporal bone is an attachment site for what

A

stylohyoid
styloglossus
stylopharyngeus
stylohyoid ligament

63
Q

the stylopharyngeus passes between which constrictors

A

superior and middle

64
Q

what are the 3 longitudinal muscles of the pharynx

A

stylopharyngeus
salpingopharyngeus
palatopharyngeus

65
Q

what is the innervation of the longitudinal pharyngeal muscles

A

pharyngeal plexus (vagus) except stylopharyngeus which is glossopharyngeal

66
Q

what are the attachments of salpingopharyngeus

A

cartilage of auditory tube to blend with palatopharyngeus

67
Q

what is the function of salpingopharyngeus

A

elevate pharynx

68
Q

what are the attachments of palatopharyngeus

A

hard palate and palatine aponeurosis to lamina of thyroid cartilage (posterior)

69
Q

what is the function of palatopharyngeus

A

elevate pharynx

70
Q

which muscle forms a fold in the lateral wall of the nasopharynx

A

salpingopharyngeus

71
Q

which muscle forms a fold in the lateral wall of the oropharynx

A

palatopharyngeus

72
Q

describe the steps of swallowing

A

1) food moulded using tongue and hard palate then pushed to back of the mouth by tongue
2) soft palate raised and pharynx elevated to ensure food passes away from the nasopharynx
3) larynx raised and epiglottis passively bends over the larynx as bolus of food passes it
4) aryepiglottic folds move together to ensure food passes into laryngopharynx not larnyx
5) waves of muscular contraction push the food along the oesphagus to stomach

73
Q

what is the proper word for swallowing

A

deglutition

74
Q

the superior laryngeal nerve and vessels pass through what structure

A

thyrohyoid membrane

75
Q

describe the path of the recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

between the oesophagus and trachea then passing inferior to the inferior constrictor of the pharynx

76
Q

the recurrent laryngeal nerve passing inferior to what constrictor

A

inferior constrictor

77
Q

the general sensory innervation of the pharynx is divided between what

A

CNV2
glossopharyngeal
vagus

78
Q

sensory innervation of the nasopharynx is from what

79
Q

sensory innervation of the oropharynx is from what

80
Q

sensory innervation of the laryngopharynx is from what

81
Q

the pharyngeal tonsil, the palatine tonsils, the lingual tonsil form a protective ring of lymphoid tissue around what

A

openings into the nasopharynx and oropharynx

82
Q

what nerves contribute fibres to the pharyngeal plexus

A

CN IX and CN X
sympathetic

83
Q

what is the innervation of tensor veli palatini

84
Q

the cranial part of the accessory nerve joins the pharyngeal plexus via ____ to supply what muscles

A

via vagus nerve
supply muscles of the soft palate except tensor veli palatini

85
Q

the upper regions of the pharynx are supplied by what

A

branches of the maxillary artery - greater palatine and pharyngeal - and the ascending branch of the ECA

86
Q

the ascending pharyngeal branch is from what surface of the ECA

87
Q

the pharyngeal veins form a plexus that communicates with what veins

A

facial and internal jugular

88
Q

lymph from the pharynx drains where

A

retropharyngeal and paratracheal nodes then to deep cervical

89
Q

what are the 4 muscles of the pre-vertebral region

A

longus colli
longus capitis
rectus capitis anterior
rectus capitis lateralis

90
Q

where do the structures of the prevertebral region lie

A

between the muscle sheath covering longus colli and longus capitis (prevertebral fascia) and the carotid sheath

91
Q

what are the attachments of longus capitis

A

transverse processes of cervical vertebrae, anterior tubercles of C3-6 —> base of occipital bone

92
Q

what is the function of longus capitis

A

flexion of head

93
Q

what is the innervation of longus capitis

A

ventral rami cervical spinal nerves C1-3

94
Q

what are the attachments of longus colli

A

from atlas to T3

95
Q

what are the different parts of longus colli

A

inferior oblique
superior oblique
vertical parts

96
Q

what are the attachments of the inferior oblique part of longus colli

A

T2/3 to the anterior tubercle of cervical transverse process of C5-6

97
Q

what are the attachments of the superior oblique part of longus colli

A

anterior tubercle C3-5 to the atlantal anterior tubercle

98
Q

what are the attachments of the vertical part of longus colli

A

anterior aspect of T1-3 to C4-6

99
Q

what is the function of longus colli

A

flexion of the neck
rotation to opposite side via inferior oblique

100
Q

what part of longus colli allows rotation to the opposite side

A

inferior oblique

101
Q

what is the innervation of longus colli

A

ventral rami cervical spinal nerves C2-6

102
Q

what are the attachments of rectus capitis anterior

A

anterior surface and root of transverse process of atlas to occipital bone (anterior to occipital condyle)

103
Q

what is the function of rectus capitis anterior

A

flex atlanto-occipital joint

104
Q

what are the attachments of rectus capitis lateralis

A

transverse process of atlas to occipital bone (inferior surface of jugular process)

105
Q

what is the function of rectus capitis lateralis

A

lateral flexion of head

106
Q

what structure crosses the rectus capitis muscles

A

internal jugular vein

107
Q

what is the innervation of rectus capitis anterior and lateralis

A

ventral rami of cervical nerves C1-C2 loop

108
Q

where does the sympathetic ganglia run in the pre-vertebral region

A

from base of skull to join thoracic chain

109
Q

the sympathetic chain takes the form of what in the neck

A

3 interconnected ganglia in the neck

110
Q

the chain in the neck is found behind what

A

internal and common carotid arteries

111
Q

the chain in the neck is ___ to the vagus nerve

112
Q

where is the sympathetic chain embedded in the neck

A

deep fascia between carotid sheath and fascia over the surface of longus capitis and longus colli

113
Q

where does the sympathetic chain end

A

ganglion impar on the coccyx

114
Q

the sympathetic chain runs between what

A

base of the head to the ganglion impar

115
Q

sympathetic outflow is what

116
Q

what are the 3 interconnected ganglia in the neck

A

superior middle and inferior cervical ganglia

117
Q

where is the superior cervical ganglion

A

immediately below skull

118
Q

the superior cervical ganglion communicates via grey rami communicantes with what

A

C1-4 ventral rami

119
Q

the superior cervical ganglion gives fibres to wind around what vessels

A

carotid arteries

120
Q

what plexi does the superior cervical plexus contribute to

A

pharyngeal plexus
cardiac plexus
branches to form plexus of common and external carotid arteries

121
Q

what nerve from the superior cervical ganglia passes into cervical canal to form internal carotid plexus

A

internal carotid nerve

122
Q

what cranial nerve branches are involved in the superior cervical ganglia

A

CN IX
CN X
CN XII

123
Q

how does the superior cervical ganglia contribute to the pharyngeal plexus

A

branches join CN IX and CN X in pharyngeal plexus

124
Q

where is the middle cervical ganglia

A

at level of cricoid cartilage

125
Q

the middle cervical ganglia is related to the loop of what artery

A

inferior thyroid artery

126
Q

the middle cervical ganglia communicates via grey rami communicantes with what

A

C5 6 ventral rami

127
Q

how does the middle cervical ganglia contribute to the cardiac plexus

A

middle cardiac branch to cardiac plexus

128
Q

which cervical ganglion gives branches along thyroid artery to gland

A

middle cervical ganglia

129
Q

what nerve loop does the middle cervical ganglia form

A

ansa subclavia - loop around the subclavian artery

130
Q

ansa subclavia carries what fibres

A

middle cervical ganglia

131
Q

ansa cervicalis carries what fibres

132
Q

usually _ or more nerve bundles from middle to inferior cervical ganglia

133
Q

the anterior bundle from middle cervical ganglia to inferior passes anterior to _____ and then behind it

A

1st part of the subclavian artery and then behind it - ansa subclavia

134
Q

the inferior cervical ganglion communicates via grey rami commmunicantes with what

A

ventral rami C7, 8

135
Q

the inferior cervical ganglion send arterial branches where

A

subclavian and vertebral arteries

136
Q

how does the inferior cervical ganglion communicate with the cardiac plexus

A

inferior cardiac branch

137
Q

what forms the stellate ganglion

A

inferior cervical ganglion usually fuses with the 1st thoracic ganglion to form stellate ganglion

138
Q

where is the inferior cervical ganglion

A

lies behind vertebral artery between transverse process of C7 and head of 1st rib

139
Q

the stellate ganglion may contain contribution from what

A

T2 ganglion

Regional Anatomy (36 decks)

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