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Regional Anatomy > Cranial fossa and nerves > Flashcards

Cranial fossa and nerves Flashcards

1
Q

what lobes of the brain is found in the anterior fossa

A

frontal lobes

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2
Q

what feature can be seen inside the frontal bone but is not part of the cranial fossa

A

frontal air sinus

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3
Q

why is the frontal air sinus not considered within the cranial fossa

A

it lies within the frontal bone not inside the skull cavity

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4
Q

what is the name of the bony ridge formed by the frontal bone that provides attachment for the dura mater

A

crista gali

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5
Q

the cribriform plate is part of the _____ bone

A

ethmoid

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6
Q

why lies of the superior surface of the cribriform plate

A

olfactory bulbs

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7
Q

describe the path of the olfactory nerves

A

project up from nasal cavity through the cribriform plate to join the olfactory bulb (CN I)

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8
Q

what bone other than the frontal contributes to the anterior fossa of the skull

A

sphenoid bone

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9
Q

what bone contains the optic canals

A

sphenoid bone

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10
Q

the optic canals allow what to pass between the orbit and the inside of the skull

A

optic nerves (CN II) and the ophthalmic artery

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11
Q

what bone forms the orbital fissures

A

sphenoid bone

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12
Q

what foramina are found in the sphenoid bone

A

orbital fissures
foramen rotundum
foramen ovale
foramen spinosum

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13
Q

what nervous structure sits on the floor of the middle cranial fossa

A

trigeminal nerve forms a large ganglia that sits on the floor of the middle cranial fossa

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14
Q

what are the 3 divisions of the trigeminal nerve

A

ophthalmic (CNV1)
maxillary (CNV2)
mandibular (CNV3)

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15
Q

V1 is what modality

A

sensory

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16
Q

V1 passes through what cranial fossa to reach the orbit

A

superior orbital fissure

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17
Q

V2 is what modality

A

sensory

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18
Q

V2 passes through what foramen to pass towards the maxilla

A

foramen rotundum

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19
Q

V3 is what modality

A

motor and sensory

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20
Q

V3 goes through what foramen to reach where

A

foramen ovale to reach the infratemporal fossa

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21
Q

what nervous structures pass through the foramen ovale

A

otic ganglion
CN V3
lesser petrosal nerve

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22
Q

where exactly does the otic ganglion sit

A

sits at the exit of the foramen ovale in the infratemporal fossa

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23
Q

what structures pass through the foramen ovale

A

otic ganglion
CN V3
accessory meningeal artery
lesser petrosal nerve
emissary veins

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24
Q

what artery is found in the foramen ovale

A

accessory meningeal artery

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25
Q

the foramen spinosum carries what artery

A

middle meningeal artery

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26
Q

the middle meningeal artery is a branch of what

A

maxillary artery

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27
Q

the middle meningeal artery supplies blood where

A

dura

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28
Q

what foramen allows the internal carotid artery to enter the middle cranial fossa

A

foramen lacerum

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29
Q

what artery is found in the foramen lacerum

A

internal carotid artery

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30
Q

what lobes of the brain lie in the middle cranial fossa

A

temporal lobes

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31
Q

what foramen are found in the middle cranial fossa

A

foramen rotundum
foramen ovale
foramen lacerum
foramen spinosum

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32
Q

the internal carotid artery enters the skull via what canal

A

carotid canal

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33
Q

the internal carotid artery enters the skull via the carotid canal then does what

A

turns away from the canal and enters the top of the foramen lacerum

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34
Q

describe the path of the internal carotid artery upon entering the foramen lacerum

A

does not pass all of the way through the foramen lacerum (small blood vessels traverse the length)

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35
Q

the internal carotid artery does not pass all of the way through the foramen lacerum. It then lies either side of the body of what bone

A

sphenoid bone

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36
Q

the internal carotid artery lies either side of the body of the sphenoid bone where it will enter the _____ before contributing to the ____

A

cavernous sinus
circle of willis

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37
Q

describe the path of the internal carotid artery in the head

A

enters the skull via the carotid canal
turns and enters the top of the foramen lacerum
does not pass all of the way through the foramen lacerum (small blood vessels traverse the length of the foramen lacerum)
Then lies either side of the body of the sphenoid bone where it will enter the cavernous venous sinus before contributing to the circle of Willis

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38
Q

what bone contributes to the floor of both the middle and posterior cranial fossa

A

temporal bone

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39
Q

what bone forms most of the floor of the posterior cranial fossa

A

occipital bone

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40
Q

the posterior cranial fossa borders what foramina

A

jugular foramen
foramen magnum

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41
Q

the posterior cranial fossa forms what canals

A

hypoglossal canals

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42
Q

the jugular foramen is the starting point of what

A

internal jugular cein

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43
Q

the jugular foramen allows what structures to pass

A

internal jugular vein
glossopharyngeal nerve
vagus nerve
accessory nerve

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44
Q

the foramen magnum allows the passes of what

A

start of the spinal cord and its meninges
vertebral arteries
spinal part of the accessory nerve

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45
Q

the hypogossal canal allows what to exit the skull

A

hypoglossal nerve

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46
Q

where does the cerebellum lie

A

posterior cranial fossa

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47
Q

the jugular foramen is between what 2 bones

A

occipital and temporal

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48
Q

in the posterior cranial fossa there is a groove for what

A

sigmoid dural venous sinus

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49
Q

the foramen magnum is in what bone

A

occipital

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50
Q

the hypoglossal canals are in what bone

A

occipital

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51
Q

the optic canal is in what bone

A

sphenoid

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52
Q

the foramen ovale is in what bone

A

sphenoid

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53
Q

the foramen rotundum is in what bone

A

sphenoid

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54
Q

where does the internal acoustic (auditory) meatus sit

A

petrous part of the temporal bone

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55
Q

the internal acoustic meatus allows what to exit the cranial cavity and enter the temporal bone

A

facial nerve and the vestibulocochlear nerve

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56
Q

name the cranial nerves

A

I - olfactory
II - optic
III - oculomotor
IV - trochlear
V - trigeminal
VI - abducent
VII - facial
VIII - vestibulocochlear
IX - accessory
X - vagus
XI - glossopharyneal
XII - hypoglossa

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57
Q

what nerve provides the sense of smell

A

olfactory

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58
Q

what part of the olfactory nerve is seen on the surface of the brain

A

olfactory bulb and tract - not the nerves themselves

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59
Q

describe the path of the olfactory nerve

A

passes from the mucosa in the nose through the cribriform plate to synapse in the olfactory bulb

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60
Q

the olfactory nerve is an outgrowth of what

A

telencephalon

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61
Q

the olfactory tracts go from the olfactory bulb to where

A

prepiriform area of amygdala (primary olfactory cortex)

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62
Q

where is the primary olfactory cortex

A

prepiriform area of amygdala

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63
Q

the olfactory nerve is the only sensory system that is not relayed through the

A

thalamus

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64
Q

the optic nerves form a ____ where fibres from each eye will cross to the other side of the brain

A

optic chiasm

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65
Q

where do the optic tracts run

A

optic chiasm to other areas of the brain (lateral geniculate body of thalamus) then striate area (visual cortex)

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66
Q

where do fibres of the optic tract run from the thalamus

A

occipital lobe to be processes in the visual cortex

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67
Q

where is the visual cortex

A

occipital bone

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68
Q

the optic nerve is an extension of what

A

diencephalon

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69
Q

describe the route of the optic nerves

A

retina through the optic canal to form a chiasm then optic tracts

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70
Q

90% of fibres of the optic nerves go to the ______ of the thalamus

A

lateral geniculate body of the thalamus

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71
Q

fibres of the optic tract run from the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus to the

A

striate area (visual cortex)

72
Q

describe the route of 10% of optic nerve fibres

A

along medial route (non-geniculate) - unconscious regulation

73
Q

what 2 cranial nerves arise from the midbrain

A

oculomotor
trochlear

74
Q

the oculomotor nerve arises from

A

the midbrain

75
Q

the oculomotor nerve runs from the midbrain through what fissure to where

A

superior orbital fissure to orbit

76
Q

where do the oculomotor nerves run in the cranial cavity

A

run in lateral wall of cavernous dural venous sinus

77
Q

the oculomotor nerve has important innervation of what

A

extra-ocular muscles and changes to shape of lens and pupil

78
Q

where do the recti muscles of the eye attach

A

annular ring (ring of Zinn)

79
Q

where is the annular ring (ring of Zinn) found

A

posterior part of the orbit

80
Q

what fibres does the oculomotor nerve carry

A

somatic motor and parasympathetic (visceral efferent)

81
Q

the oculomotor nerve supplies motor innervation to what recti of the eye

A

inferior oblique
superior rectus
inferior rectus
medial rectus
levator palpabrae
AO3

82
Q

the oculomotor nerve supplies parasympathetic innervation to

A

sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscle

83
Q

the superior division of the oculomotor nerve supplies innervation to what

A

levator palpabrae and superior rectus

84
Q

what fibres does the trochlear nerve carry

A

motor

85
Q

what does the trochlear nerve innervate

A

superior oblique
(SO4)

86
Q

the trochlear nerve arises from where

A

midbrain

87
Q

the trochlear nerve passes through what foramen to the orbit

A

superior orbital fissure

88
Q

the trochlear nerves run where in the cranial cavity

A

run in lateral wall of cavernous dural venous sinus

89
Q

does the trochlear nerve pass through the annular ring

A

no, outside it

90
Q

what 2 facts about the trochlear nerve make it unique from the other cranial nerves

A
  • only cranial nerve in which all fibres cross to the opposite side
  • only cranial nerve from the posterior surface of the midbrain so longest intracranial course of the cranial nerves
91
Q

the trigeminal nerve originates from where

A

pons

92
Q

CNV1 goes through what fossa

A

superior orbital fissure

93
Q

CNV2 goes though what fossa

A

pterygopalatine fossa

94
Q

CNV3 goes through what fossa

A

foramen ovale to inferior surface of base of skull

95
Q

what modality it CNV

A

motor and sensory

96
Q

what nerves allow passage of parasympathetic fibres from other cranial nerves

A

Lacrimal (CNV1)
Zygomatic (CNV2)
lingual and auriculotemporal (CNV3)

97
Q

the trigeminal nerves supplies motor and sensory to what

A

motor to muscles of mastication
sensory to face

98
Q

CNV1 provides general sensory to what

A

eye
lacrimal gland
eyebrow
skin of forehead
nose

99
Q

CNV3 runs where in cranial cavity

A

lateral wall of cavernous dural venous sinus

100
Q

CN V2 supplies general sensory to what

A

skin of cheek
lower eyelid
upper jaw and teeth
side of nose
mucosa of mouth

101
Q

CNV2 runs where in cranial cavity

A

lateral wall of cavernous dural venous sinus

102
Q

CNV3 gives general sensory to where

A

ear canal
parotid gland
lower jaw and teeth
anterior 2/3 of tongue

103
Q

CNV3 gives motor to where

A

muscles of mastication
anterior belly of digastric
mylohyoid
tensor tympani
veli tensor tympani

104
Q

where is tensor tympani found

A

small muscle in middle ear that attaches to the malleus

105
Q

what is the function of tensor tympani

A

attaches to malleus (ossicle) and dampens vibrations from the tympanic membrane to prevent damage to inner ear structures

106
Q

what is the function of tensor veli palatini

A

tense soft palate

107
Q

what supplies motor innervation tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini

A

CNV3

108
Q

the abducent nerve originates from

A

pons

109
Q

the abducent nerve passes through what foramen to reach the orbit

A

superior orbital fissure

110
Q

what is the function of the abducent nerve

A

motor to lateral rectus
(LR6)

111
Q

what is the pneumonic to remembering innervation of extraocular muscles

A

SO4 LR6 AO3

112
Q

the abducent nerve passes through the cavernous dural venous sinus with what

A

internal carotid artery

113
Q

does the abducent nerve pass through the annular ring

A

yes

114
Q

the abducent has a short/long extra dural pathway

A

long

115
Q

what cranial nerve runs through the middle of the cavernous venous sinus

A

CN VI (Abducent)

116
Q

what nerves pass in the lateral walls of the cavernous venous sinus

A

III, IV, V

117
Q

CN VI runs through the middle of the cavernous venous sinus with what

A

internal carotid artery

118
Q

the cavernous venous sinus surrounds what structure of the brain

A

pituitary gland

119
Q

the pituitary gland is found in what fossa

A

hypophysial fossa

120
Q

what sinus is below the pituitary gland

A

sphenoidal sinus

121
Q

the facial nerve originates from where

A

pons

122
Q

the facial nerve passes through which foramen to reach what bone

A

internal acoustic meatus
temporal bone

123
Q

what muscle does the facial nerve supply in the petrous part of the temporal bone

A

stapedius

124
Q

what is the function of stapedius

A

small muscle that attaches to the stapes (an ossicle) and dampens its movement at the oval window to prevent damage to the inner ear

125
Q

what branches of the facial nerve carry parasympathetic secretomotor fibres

A

the greater petrosal and chorda tympani

126
Q

how do the greater petrosal and teh chorda tympani deliver parasympathetic secretomotor innervation

A

join parts of the trigeminal nerve

127
Q

the greater petrosal nerve supplies parasympathetic secretomotor fibres to what

A

lacrimal gland

128
Q

the chorda tympani supplies parasympathetic secretomotor fibres to what

A

sublingual and submandibular salivary glands

129
Q

the facial nerve supplies motor innervation to what

A

muscles of facial expression
stapedius
stylohyoid
posterior belly of digastric

130
Q

motor fibres to muscles of facial expression go through what foramen

A

stylomastoid foramen

131
Q

what are the motor branches of the facial nerve

A

temporal
zygomatic
buccal
mandibular
cervical posterior auricular

132
Q

the facial nerve carries sensory innervation to what

A

parts of auricle
special sensory to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

133
Q

what supplies the anterior 2/3 tongue

A

special sensory - facial nerve
CNV3 - general

134
Q

the vestibulocochlear nerve has what parts

A

vestibular parts - balance
cochlear parts - hearing

135
Q

what modality is the vestibulocochlear nerve

A

special somatic afferent

136
Q

the vestibular and auditory apparatus go through what foramen to where

A

internal auditory meatus to pons/medulla oblongata

137
Q

what other areas of the brain does the vestibular part of the vestibulocochlear nerve involve

A

cerebellum
CN III, IV, VI
spinal tracts

138
Q

what other areas of the brain does the cochlear part of the vestibulocochlear nerve involve

A

inferior colliculi
medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus to auditory cortex (area 41 temporal)

139
Q

where does the glossopharyngeal nerve originate

A

medulla oblongata

140
Q

what foramen does the glossopharyngeal nerve pass through

A

jugular foramen

141
Q

the glossopharyngeal nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to what

A

parotid gland
buccal and labial glands

142
Q

the glossopharyngeal nerve supples taste to what

A

posterior 1/3 tongue

143
Q

the glossopharyngeal nerve supplies motor to what

A

pharyngeal plexus and stylopharyngeus

144
Q

the glossopharyngeal nerve supplies sensory innervation to where

A

posterior 1/3 tongue
soft palate
pharynx
tympanic cavity and membrane
pharyngotympanic tube
external ear
auditory canal

145
Q

what nerve is responsible for the gag reflex

A

glossopharyngeal

146
Q

how does the glossopharyngeal nerve supply parasympathetic innervation to the parotid gland

A

communicates via the lesser petrosal nerve with the auriculotemporal branch of the trigeminal nerve

147
Q

the glossopharyngeal does what at the bifurcation of the common carotids

A

senses changes in pressure

148
Q

where does the vagus nerve originate

A

medulla oblongata

149
Q

the vagus nerve passes through which foramen

A

jugular foramen

150
Q

what modality is the vagus nerve

A

sensory
motor
parasympathetic

151
Q

the parasympathetic fibres of the vagus nerve join what to supply what

A

oesophageal, cardiac, bronchial plexi in the thorax and supply parasympathetic innervation up to 2/3 along transverse colon

152
Q

what does the vagus nerve supply motor innervation to

A

pharyngeal plexus
soft palate
larynx

153
Q

the vagus nerve provides sensory innervation where

A

dura in posterior cranial fossa
ear
external auditory canal
lower pharynx
laryngeal mucosa
thoracic and abdominal viscera

154
Q

the recurrent laryngeal branch wraps around what on the left

A

aortic arch

155
Q

the recurrent laryngeal branch wraps around what on the right

A

subclavian artery

156
Q

the recurrent laryngeal nerves ascend the neck between what

A

oesophagus and trachea

157
Q

the recurrent laryngeal branches supply what

A

intrinsic muscles of the pharynx

158
Q

the vagus nerve joins the _____ plexus which forms the motor part of the ___ reflex

A

pharyngeal plexus
motor part of gag reflex

159
Q

what is the sensory part of the gag reflex

A

glossopharyngeal

160
Q

what is the motor part of the gag reflex

A

vagus nerve

161
Q

what receptors are found in the aortic arch

A

pressure

162
Q

what receptors are found in the para-aortic body

A

chemoreceptors

163
Q

the spinal accessory nerve originates where

A

spinal cord

164
Q

the spinal accessory nerve passes through what foramen

A

foramen magnum to join cranial root then passes through jugular foramen

165
Q

the spinal accessory nerve supplies motor to

A

trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

166
Q

the cranial root is now considered part of what nerve

A

vagus nerve (soft palate)

167
Q

what modality is the spinal accessory nerve

A

motor

168
Q

the spinal accessory nerve crosses where in the neck

A

posterior triangle

169
Q

why is the spinal accessory nerve said to have 2 parts

A

spinal part that comes from the top of the spinal cord, passes into the skull via the foramen magnum and joins cranial roots from the medulla. The final accessory nerve then passes back out of the skull via the jugular foramen

170
Q

what supplies innervation to the muscles of the soft palate

A

cranial part of accessory / vagus nerve

171
Q

CN IX, X and XI all originate from posterior lump on the surface of the medulla called the

A

olive (one each side of midline)

172
Q

the hypoglossal nerve originates from where

A

medulla oblongata (anterior to olive)

173
Q

what is the only cranial nerve to emerge from the medulla anterior to the olives

A

hypoglossal nerve

174
Q

the hypoglossal nerve supplies motor to what

A

most of musculature of the tongue - all intrinsic muscles and all extrinsic muscles except palatoglossus

175
Q

the hypoglossal nerve passes through what foramen

A

hypoglossal canal

176
Q

the hypoglossal nerve enters root of the tongue below/above hyoid bone

A

above

Regional Anatomy (36 decks)

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