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Week 7 - 12 > The Back > Flashcards

The Back Flashcards

1
Q

What does the vertebral column consist of?

A

Series of irregular bones, vertebrae

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2
Q

What are vertebrae separated from each other by?

A

Fibrocartilaginous intervertebral discs

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3
Q

Cervical vertebrae:

A

7

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4
Q

Thoracic vertebrae:

A

12

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5
Q

Lumbar vertebrae:

A

5

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6
Q

Sacral vertebrae:

A

5 (1 fused to sacrum)

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7
Q

Cocygeal vertebrae:

A

1-4 (fused)

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8
Q

Functions of vertebral column:

A

Upright posture

Supports body weight

Protects spinal cord + nerves

Supports skull

Locomotion

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9
Q

How does vertebral column allow locomotion?

A

Provides attachment for trunk muscles

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10
Q

Where are primary curvatures present?

A

In-utero

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11
Q

Bending of primary curvatures:

A

Concave anteriorly (kyphosis)

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12
Q

Position of primary curvatures:

A

Thoracic and sacral regions

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13
Q

Where are secondary curvatures present?

A

Not in-utero

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14
Q

Bending of secondary curvatures:

A

Concave posteriorly (lordosis)

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15
Q

Position of secondary curvatures:

A

Cervical and lumbar regions

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16
Q

When do secondary curvatures develop?

A

Until infant lifts their head and stands to walk

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17
Q

Elements of a typical vertebra:

A

Vertebral body

Intervertebral surface (endplate)

Vertebral arch - with pedicle and lamina

Vertebral foramen

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18
Q

What processes are in typical vertebra?

A

Transverse process

Spinous process (spine)

Inferior articular process (facet)

Superior articular process (facet)

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19
Q

What notch is in typical vertebra?

A

Inferior vertebral notch

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20
Q

What processes are in cervical regional vertebra?

A

Uncinate processes

Bifid spinous process (except C7)

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21
Q

Position of Uncinate processes in cervical regional vertebra:

A

At lateral edges

Synovial articulation with vertebra above

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22
Q

What facets are in cervical regional vertebra?

A

Superior articular facets

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23
Q

Position of superior articular facets in cervical regional vertebra:

A

Flat + facing superiorly and posteriorly

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24
Q

Movement in cervical regional vertebra:

A

Flexion + some lateral flexion

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25
Q

Body in cervical regional vertebra:

A

Small body

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26
Q

Body in Atlas C1 regional vertebra:

A

No body: anterior and posterior arches connecting lateral masses

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27
Q

Facets in Atlas (C) vertebra:

A

Superior Articular and Inferior articular facets

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28
Q

What do superior articular facets in atlas (C1) articulate with?

A

Occipital condylar

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29
Q

What do inferior articular facets in atlas (C1) articulate with?

A

Axis

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30
Q

What’s the groove for in Atlas (C1) vertebra?

A

Vertebral artery

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31
Q

What’s the body like in axis (C2) vertebra?

A

Has Odontoceti Process (dens) for articulation with anterior arch of atlas

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32
Q

What are the superior articular facets like in axis (C2) vertebra?

A

Flat + articulate with inferior facts of atlas

33
Q

What joint allows rotation of head and neck?

A

Atlanta-axial joint

34
Q

Facets in thoracic vertebra:

A

Superior articular facets

Costal Demi-facets

35
Q

Position of superior articular facets in thoracic vertebra:

A

Flat + face posterio-laterally

Allow rotation

36
Q

What do costal Demi-facets articulate with in thoracic vertebra?

A

Upper with head of own rib

Lower with rib below

37
Q

What process is in thoracic vertebra?

A

Transverse Process

38
Q

Structure of transverse process in thoracic vertebra:

A

Long

Transverse costal facet for articulation with tubercle of own rib

39
Q

WHat’s the body like in thoracic vertebrae?

A

Heart shaped

Has circular vertebral canal

40
Q

What is the body like in lumbar vertebrae?

A

Largest body

41
Q

What facets are in lumbar vertebrae?

A

Superior and inferior articular facets

42
Q

Position of superior articular facets in lumbar vertebrae:

A

Concave

Face postero-medially

Interact with inferior facets

43
Q

Movement by lumbar vertebrae:

A

Extension is greatest

Flexion + some lateral flexion

No rotation

44
Q

What are sacrum vertebrae formed by?

A

Fusion of 5 vertebrae

45
Q

What is the sacral promontory?

A

The anterior projection of S1

46
Q

What are the union of spinous, articular and transverse processes?

A

Median, intermediate, lateral crests

47
Q

What foramen are present in sacrum vertebrae?

A

Anterior and posterior

48
Q

What else is found in sacral vertebrae?

A

Sacral hiatus

49
Q

What joints are in vertebral column?

A

Zygapophyseal (facet) joints

Symphysis or secondary cartilaginous joint

50
Q

What are zygapophyseal joints between?

A

Articular processes

51
Q

What type of joints are zygapophyseal joints?

A

Synovial

52
Q

What is the symphysis joint between?

A

Endplates and intervertebral discs

53
Q

What does the spinal nerve emerge from?

A

Intervertebral foramen

54
Q

What’s the intervertebral foramen formed by?

A

Superior and inferior vertebral notches

55
Q

What does intervertebral disc consist of?

A

Outer anulus fibrosus

Central nucleus pulposus

56
Q

What does the nucleus pulposus do in intervertebral disc?

A

Absorbs compressive forces between vertebrae

57
Q

Properties of anulus fibrosus in intervertebral disc:

A

Very strong

58
Q

Importance of intervertebral disc:

A

Contributes to shape of spinal curvatures

59
Q

Nourishment of intervertebral disc:

A

Periphery of disc = neighbouring capillaries

Center = diffusion from body of vertebra

60
Q

Why may intervertebral discs deform?

A

To allow movement between vertebral bodies

61
Q

What’s a herniated disc?

A

Nucleus may herniate or prolapse to compress

62
Q

Position of most herniations:

A

Posterolateral - towards intervertebral foramen

63
Q

What ligament is found between atlas to sacrum?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament

Limits extension

64
Q

What membranes continue downwards as anterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Anterior Atlanta-axial and Atlanta-occipital membranes

65
Q

What membrane continues downwards as posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Tectorial membrane

66
Q

What does tectorial membrane extend between?

A

Foramen magnum and C2

67
Q

What ligament is between C2 to sacrum?

A

Posterior longitudinal ligament

68
Q

What ligament is between vertebral laminate?

A

Ligaments flava

69
Q

What does ligaments flava do?

A

Limit sudden flexion and supports survatures

70
Q

What ligaments are between all transverse processes?

A

Intertransverse ligaments

71
Q

What ligaments are between tips of spines and between sacrum to C7?

A

Supraspinous ligaments

72
Q

What ligaments are between external occipital protuberance and posterior edge of foramen magnum, down to C7?

A

Ligamentum Nuchae

73
Q

What liWhat does ligamentum nuchae do?

A

Limits flexion

Provides muscle attachment

74
Q

What ligaments are between all spinous processes?

A

Interspinous ligaments

75
Q

What ligaments are between sides of dens to sides of foramen magnum?

A

Alar ligaments

76
Q

What do alar ligaments do?

A

Prevent excessive rotation

77
Q

What do transverse ligaments do?

A

Keep dens close to anterior arch

78
Q

What makes up cruciate ligament?

A

Transverse ligament + superior and inferior longitudinal fascicles

79
Q

What does cruciate ligament do?

A

Prevent excessive movement between axis, atlas and occiput

Week 7 - 12 (38 decks)

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