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Week 7 - 12 > Spinal Cord + Meninges > Flashcards

Spinal Cord + Meninges Flashcards

1
Q

Where does spinal cord begin?

A

Foramen magnum of skull

Continuation of medulla oblongata

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2
Q

Where does spinal cord end?

A

L1/L2 vertebrae

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3
Q

What’s on inferior end of spinal cord?

A

Conus medullaris - narrows as film terminale

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4
Q

Where’s cervical enlargement?

A

Between C4-T1 (brachial plexus)

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5
Q

Where’s lumbosacral enlargement?

A

Between T11-S1 (lumbosacral plexus)

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6
Q

Length of spinal cord and vertebrae in embryo (8 weeks)?

A

Equivalent lengths

Spinal segments = vertebrae

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7
Q

Where does spinal cord end in neonates?

A

L3 vertebra

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8
Q

Growth of spinal cord:

A

Vertebral column grows faster than spinal cord

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9
Q

External features on spinal cord:

A

Cervical and lumbosacral enlargements

Conus medullaris

Posterior median sulcus

Anterior median fissure

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10
Q

What areas are involved in innervation of limbs?

A

Cervical and lumbosacral enlargements

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11
Q

What is the end of spinal cord called?

A

Conus medullaris

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12
Q

What does grey matter contain?

A

Neuronal cell bodies within ‘horns’

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13
Q

Lateral horns:

A

Contain visceral (autonomic) motor neurons

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14
Q

Ventral horns:

A

Contain somatic motor neurons

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15
Q

Dorsal horns:

A

Contain interneurons

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16
Q

What does white matter contain?

A

Columns - contain a number of ascending and descending tracts

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17
Q

What are tracts like in white matter?

A

All tracts are paired and most decussate

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18
Q

Where do spinal nerves emerge from?

A

Intervertebral foramina

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19
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves emerge from intervertebral foramina?

A

31

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20
Q

What does each nerve relate to?

A

A spinal segment

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21
Q

How many vertebrae are there?

A

Cervical = 7

Thoracic = 12

Lumbar = 5

Sacral = 5

Coccygeal = 4

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22
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

Cervical = 8

Thoracic = 12

Lumbar = 5

Sacral = 5

Coccygeal = 1

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23
Q

What’s the spinal cord divided into?

A

Segments that are associated with one pair of spinal nerves

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24
Q

What’s the structure called at the roots of lumbar and lower spinal nerves?

A

Caudate equina

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25
What are cervical spinal nerves numbered according to?
Vertebra below C1-C7 and C8 (exception) There are 7 cervical vertebrae and 8 cervical spinal nerves
26
What are all other spinal nerves numbered according to?
Vertebra above... T1-T12 L1-L5 S1-S5 Co1
27
Where does C1 spinal nerve emerge from?
Between occipital bone of skull and C1 (atlas)
28
Where do all spinal nerves emerge from except C1?
Adjacent vertebrae
29
How are spinal nerves formed?
Rootless converge to become roots Ventral and dorsal roots converge to become a spinal nerve
30
What’s in ventral root?
Motor nerve fibres - efferent
31
What’s in dorsal root?
Sensory nerve fibres - afferent
32
What’s in spinal nerve?
Motor and sensory nerve fibres
33
What do spinal nerves divide into?
Ventral and dorsal rami
34
What’s in ventral and dorsal rami?
Motor and sensory nerve fibres
35
How do lumbar nerves exit canal?
Must travel down vertebral canal to their own intervertebral foramen
36
What does the lower third of vertebral canal contain?
Roots of spinal nerves of L2 and lower Filum terminale
37
How are lower spinal segments laid in cauda equina?
Adjacent to vertebrae above their own level e.g. L1 segment adjacent to T11
38
What does the meninges consist of?
Three membrane that surround, protect and suspend the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves
39
What is the dura mater?
Outermost layer Thick + protective
40
2 layers of dura mater:
Outer periosteal Inner meningeal
41
What is dura mater attached to?
Inner surface of cranium
42
What is dura mater called as it descends through vertebral canal?
Dura sac - not attached to bone
43
Where does dura mater narrow?
At lower border of S2 vertebra Fuses with filum terminale
44
WhereWhen does dura cover roots of spinal nerves?
As they pass through intervertebral foramina
45
What is arachnoid mater?
Delicate Avascular layer
46
Position of arachnoid mater:
Deep to dura Lines dura sac - no space between layers
47
How does arachnoid mater connect to pia mater?
Arachnoid trabeculae - like a bridge
48
What does arachnoid mater enclose?
Subarachnoid space - between arachnoid and pia mater
49
Where does subarachnoid space end?
Border of S2 vertebra
50
What does subarachnoid space contain?
CSF Blood vessels supported by web-like fibres
51
What does subarachnoid space enclose?
Caudal equina (as lumbar cistern)
52
What is pia mater?
Innermost layer Thin and vascular
53
Position of pia mater:
Adhered to surface of brain + spinal cord Covers surface of spinal roots
54
What does pia mater become at inferior end of cord?
Filum terminale - attached to coccyx
55
What is pia mater like in vertebral canal?
Triangular extensions that are laterally attached to arachnoid mater in dural sac Suspend the spinal cord
56
What are triangular extensions of pia also called?
Denticulate ligaments
57
What’s in epidural space?
Fatty matrix Internal vertebral venous plexus
58
Where does epidural space run from?
Foramen magnum to sacral hiatus
59
What is epidural space internal to?
Periosteum
60
What is epidural space also called?
Extra dural space
61
How many directions of blood supply is there to spinal cord?
2
62
What are the two directions of blood supply in spinal cord?
3 longitudinal arteries Numerous segmental arteries
63
Where are the 3 longitudinal arteries found?
Branches of subclavian artery Lie on surface of cord
64
Where are the numerous segmental arteries found?
Branches of aorta
65
How do the numerous segmental arteries enter vertebral canal?
Via intervertebral foramina
66
Arteries in longitudinal blood supply:
2 posterior spinal arteries 1 anterior spinal artery
67
Where do the 2 posterior spinal arteries arise from?
Vertebral and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries
68
Where does the 1 anterior spinal artery arise from?
Vertebral arteries
69
What reinforces segmental supply?
Segmental / radicular branches
70
Where do segmental arteries enter?
Via intervertebral foramina
71
What are some of the segmental arteries?
Cervical, thoracic and lumbar
72
Where do cervical segmental arteries arise from?
Vertebral arteries
73
Where do thoracic segmental arteries arise from?
Intercostal arteries
74
Where do lumbar segmental arteries arise from?
Lumbar arteries
75
What structures are involved in venous drainage?
Longitudinal channels on surface of cord Internal vertebral venous plexus External vertebral venous plexus
76
Structure of longitudinal channels on surface of cord?
No valves
77
Where does blood flow in longitudinal channels on surface of cord?
Slowly in either direction
78
Where does internal vertebral venous plexus lie?
In extradural fat of epidural space
79
What does external vertebral venous plexus drain?
Medullary cavity of vertebral bodies
80
What does external vertebral venous plexus connect to?
Connects to segmental veins
81
Give examples of segmental veins:
Lumbar and azygous veins
82
What doe venous connections allow?
Metastatic spread of tumours
83
What layers does lumbar puncture go through?
Skin Superficial fascia Supraspinous ligament Interspinous ligament Ligamentum flavum Extradural (epidural) space Dura mater Arachnoid mater Subarachnoid space
84
Where is a lumbar puncture performed?
Between L3/L4 or L4/L5

Week 7 - 12 (38 decks)

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