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Week 7 - 12 > Spinal Cord + Meninges > Flashcards

Spinal Cord + Meninges Flashcards

1
Q

Where does spinal cord begin?

A

Foramen magnum of skull

Continuation of medulla oblongata

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2
Q

Where does spinal cord end?

A

L1/L2 vertebrae

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3
Q

What’s on inferior end of spinal cord?

A

Conus medullaris - narrows as film terminale

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4
Q

Where’s cervical enlargement?

A

Between C4-T1 (brachial plexus)

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5
Q

Where’s lumbosacral enlargement?

A

Between T11-S1 (lumbosacral plexus)

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6
Q

Length of spinal cord and vertebrae in embryo (8 weeks)?

A

Equivalent lengths

Spinal segments = vertebrae

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7
Q

Where does spinal cord end in neonates?

A

L3 vertebra

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8
Q

Growth of spinal cord:

A

Vertebral column grows faster than spinal cord

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9
Q

External features on spinal cord:

A

Cervical and lumbosacral enlargements

Conus medullaris

Posterior median sulcus

Anterior median fissure

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10
Q

What areas are involved in innervation of limbs?

A

Cervical and lumbosacral enlargements

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11
Q

What is the end of spinal cord called?

A

Conus medullaris

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12
Q

What does grey matter contain?

A

Neuronal cell bodies within ‘horns’

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13
Q

Lateral horns:

A

Contain visceral (autonomic) motor neurons

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14
Q

Ventral horns:

A

Contain somatic motor neurons

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15
Q

Dorsal horns:

A

Contain interneurons

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16
Q

What does white matter contain?

A

Columns - contain a number of ascending and descending tracts

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17
Q

What are tracts like in white matter?

A

All tracts are paired and most decussate

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18
Q

Where do spinal nerves emerge from?

A

Intervertebral foramina

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19
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves emerge from intervertebral foramina?

A

31

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20
Q

What does each nerve relate to?

A

A spinal segment

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21
Q

How many vertebrae are there?

A

Cervical = 7

Thoracic = 12

Lumbar = 5

Sacral = 5

Coccygeal = 4

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22
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

Cervical = 8

Thoracic = 12

Lumbar = 5

Sacral = 5

Coccygeal = 1

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23
Q

What’s the spinal cord divided into?

A

Segments that are associated with one pair of spinal nerves

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24
Q

What’s the structure called at the roots of lumbar and lower spinal nerves?

A

Caudate equina

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25
Q

What are cervical spinal nerves numbered according to?

A

Vertebra below C1-C7 and C8 (exception)

There are 7 cervical vertebrae and 8 cervical spinal nerves

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26
Q

What are all other spinal nerves numbered according to?

A

Vertebra above…

T1-T12

L1-L5

S1-S5

Co1

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27
Q

Where does C1 spinal nerve emerge from?

A

Between occipital bone of skull and C1 (atlas)

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28
Q

Where do all spinal nerves emerge from except C1?

A

Adjacent vertebrae

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29
Q

How are spinal nerves formed?

A

Rootless converge to become roots

Ventral and dorsal roots converge to become a spinal nerve

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30
Q

What’s in ventral root?

A

Motor nerve fibres - efferent

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31
Q

What’s in dorsal root?

A

Sensory nerve fibres - afferent

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32
Q

What’s in spinal nerve?

A

Motor and sensory nerve fibres

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33
Q

What do spinal nerves divide into?

A

Ventral and dorsal rami

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34
Q

What’s in ventral and dorsal rami?

A

Motor and sensory nerve fibres

35
Q

How do lumbar nerves exit canal?

A

Must travel down vertebral canal to their own intervertebral foramen

36
Q

What does the lower third of vertebral canal contain?

A

Roots of spinal nerves of L2 and lower

Filum terminale

37
Q

How are lower spinal segments laid in cauda equina?

A

Adjacent to vertebrae above their own level

e.g. L1 segment adjacent to T11

38
Q

What does the meninges consist of?

A

Three membrane that surround, protect and suspend the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves

39
Q

What is the dura mater?

A

Outermost layer

Thick + protective

40
Q

2 layers of dura mater:

A

Outer periosteal

Inner meningeal

41
Q

What is dura mater attached to?

A

Inner surface of cranium

42
Q

What is dura mater called as it descends through vertebral canal?

A

Dura sac - not attached to bone

43
Q

Where does dura mater narrow?

A

At lower border of S2 vertebra

Fuses with filum terminale

44
Q

WhereWhen does dura cover roots of spinal nerves?

A

As they pass through intervertebral foramina

45
Q

What is arachnoid mater?

A

Delicate

Avascular layer

46
Q

Position of arachnoid mater:

A

Deep to dura

Lines dura sac - no space between layers

47
Q

How does arachnoid mater connect to pia mater?

A

Arachnoid trabeculae - like a bridge

48
Q

What does arachnoid mater enclose?

A

Subarachnoid space - between arachnoid and pia mater

49
Q

Where does subarachnoid space end?

A

Border of S2 vertebra

50
Q

What does subarachnoid space contain?

A

CSF

Blood vessels supported by web-like fibres

51
Q

What does subarachnoid space enclose?

A

Caudal equina (as lumbar cistern)

52
Q

What is pia mater?

A

Innermost layer

Thin and vascular

53
Q

Position of pia mater:

A

Adhered to surface of brain + spinal cord

Covers surface of spinal roots

54
Q

What does pia mater become at inferior end of cord?

A

Filum terminale - attached to coccyx

55
Q

What is pia mater like in vertebral canal?

A

Triangular extensions that are laterally attached to arachnoid mater in dural sac

Suspend the spinal cord

56
Q

What are triangular extensions of pia also called?

A

Denticulate ligaments

57
Q

What’s in epidural space?

A

Fatty matrix

Internal vertebral venous plexus

58
Q

Where does epidural space run from?

A

Foramen magnum to sacral hiatus

59
Q

What is epidural space internal to?

A

Periosteum

60
Q

What is epidural space also called?

A

Extra dural space

61
Q

How many directions of blood supply is there to spinal cord?

A

2

62
Q

What are the two directions of blood supply in spinal cord?

A

3 longitudinal arteries

Numerous segmental arteries

63
Q

Where are the 3 longitudinal arteries found?

A

Branches of subclavian artery

Lie on surface of cord

64
Q

Where are the numerous segmental arteries found?

A

Branches of aorta

65
Q

How do the numerous segmental arteries enter vertebral canal?

A

Via intervertebral foramina

66
Q

Arteries in longitudinal blood supply:

A

2 posterior spinal arteries

1 anterior spinal artery

67
Q

Where do the 2 posterior spinal arteries arise from?

A

Vertebral and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries

68
Q

Where does the 1 anterior spinal artery arise from?

A

Vertebral arteries

69
Q

What reinforces segmental supply?

A

Segmental / radicular branches

70
Q

Where do segmental arteries enter?

A

Via intervertebral foramina

71
Q

What are some of the segmental arteries?

A

Cervical, thoracic and lumbar

72
Q

Where do cervical segmental arteries arise from?

A

Vertebral arteries

73
Q

Where do thoracic segmental arteries arise from?

A

Intercostal arteries

74
Q

Where do lumbar segmental arteries arise from?

A

Lumbar arteries

75
Q

What structures are involved in venous drainage?

A

Longitudinal channels on surface of cord

Internal vertebral venous plexus

External vertebral venous plexus

76
Q

Structure of longitudinal channels on surface of cord?

A

No valves

77
Q

Where does blood flow in longitudinal channels on surface of cord?

A

Slowly in either direction

78
Q

Where does internal vertebral venous plexus lie?

A

In extradural fat of epidural space

79
Q

What does external vertebral venous plexus drain?

A

Medullary cavity of vertebral bodies

80
Q

What does external vertebral venous plexus connect to?

A

Connects to segmental veins

81
Q

Give examples of segmental veins:

A

Lumbar and azygous veins

82
Q

What doe venous connections allow?

A

Metastatic spread of tumours

83
Q

What layers does lumbar puncture go through?

A

Skin

Superficial fascia

Supraspinous ligament

Interspinous ligament

Ligamentum flavum

Extradural (epidural) space

Dura mater

Arachnoid mater

Subarachnoid space

84
Q

Where is a lumbar puncture performed?

A

Between L3/L4 or L4/L5

Week 7 - 12 (38 decks)

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