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Week 7 - 12 > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

WHat are cells?

A

Fundamental units of life

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2
Q

What are cell contents contained in?

A

Lipid belayer membrane

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3
Q

What are some common basic cellular functions of cells?

A

Perform specialised functions

Share mechanisms to change nutrients into energy

Deliver metabolism + catabolism products to surrounding fluid

Replicate + regenerate

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4
Q

What are cells bathed in?

A

Extracellular fluid - maintained in appropriate state to enable cells to function

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5
Q

Definition of cells:

A

Basic structural and functional unit

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6
Q

Definition of tissues:

A

Aggregates of cells with particular function

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7
Q

Definition of organs:

A

Specialised tissues plus connective tissue

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8
Q

Definition of systems:

A

Group of integrated organs that collectively perform a function

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9
Q

What are all parts of the body linked by?

A

Fluid

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10
Q

What do organ systems create?

A

Internal environment

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11
Q

How much of body is fluid?

A

60%

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12
Q

What is body fluid divided into?

A

Compartments

Intracellular - 70% fluid within cells

Extracellular - 30% fluid outside cells

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13
Q

What does extracellular fluid include?

A

Plasma

Interstitial fluid

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14
Q

What’s interstitial fluid?

A

Fluid between cells

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15
Q

What is regulation of intracellular ad extracellular fluid important for?

A

Functioning of organelles, cells, tissues, systems, organisms

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16
Q

What are fluid compartments separated by?

A

Membranes

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17
Q

How are body fluids balanced?

A

Need to balance intake and outtake

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18
Q

Definition of homeostasis:

A

Physiological control systems maintain relatively stable internal environment (within safe limits) in a fluctuating environment

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19
Q

What is homeostasis the result of?

A

Organised ‘self-government’

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20
Q

How is homeostasis maintained?

A

By control systems:

Within cells - genetics

Within/between tissues - nervous + endocrine system

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21
Q

Characteristics of control systems:

A

Require multiple elements

Many systems interlinked

Most use negative feedback

22
Q

What may control systems be?

A

Open loop

Closed loop

Feedforward

23
Q

Open loop control systems:

A

No feedback

Controller -> controlled component -> output

24
Q

Closed loop control systems:

A

Output feeds back + influences controller

Controller -> controlled component -> output -> sensor -> feedback -> controller

25
Q

Types of feedback in closed loop control system:

A

Negative feedback - return to set-point

Positive feedback - moves away from set-point

26
Q

Feedforward control systems:

A

Response generated in anticipation of change

27
Q

What isn’t open loop feedback influenced by?

A

Not influenced by resulting conditions - not useful for maintaining local homeostasis

28
Q

Example of open loop feedback:

A

Glucose absorbed into gut epithelial cells

29
Q

What is closed loop feedback influenced by?

A

Influenced by resulting conditions

Return to set point - maintains homeostasis

30
Q

Characteristics of set point:

A

Dynamic and constantly adjusting

31
Q

Thermoregulation:

A

Skin and hypothalamus receptors detect increased temperature

Effector responses begin to reduce temperature (e.g. by sweating, vasodilation)

Receptors detect temperature below set point

Effector responses begin to increase temperature (e.g. vasoconstriction)

32
Q

What is hunting?

A

Overshooting and undershooting

33
Q

What does the depth and extent of hunting depend on?

A

Properties of elements of feedback system

34
Q

What does negative feedback control?

A

Controls system within limits

35
Q

Arterial blood pressure:

What’s the sensor?

A

Baroreceptors - send signals to control centre

36
Q

Arterial blood pressure:

What’s the control centre?

A

Solitary nucleus in medulla oblongata (set point) - identifies change in blood pressure

37
Q

Arterial blood pressure:

What’s the effector?

A

Heart + blood vessels respond

38
Q

Arterial blood pressure:

What’s the controlled variable?

A

Rise or fall in arterial blood pressure

39
Q

Arterial blood pressure:

What does negative feedback involve?

A

Returns controlled variable to within safe limits

40
Q

What’s gain?

A

Degree of effectiveness of negative feedback control system

41
Q

How do you calculate gain?

A

Correction / error

42
Q

What happens to output in closed loop feedback?

A

Output continually enhanced and moved further away from homeostasis

43
Q

What would happen if there was no termination mechanism in closed loop feedback?

A

System would ‘run away’

44
Q

Oxytocin:

A

Positive feedback

Induced uterine contractions in child birth

45
Q

Characteristics of feed forward control:

A

Infrequent

46
Q

Feed forward control - example

A

Digestive system

Sight/smell - response in GI tract - gut prepared for digestion

Local result = ingest a digested + nutrients absorbed

Overall result = nutrient levels controlled in blood

47
Q

What’s adaptive control?

A

Feedforward responses can be changed over time and iterations

48
Q

Summary of negative feedback:

A

Promotes stability

49
Q

Summary of feed-forward:

A

Anticipates change

50
Q

Summary of positive feedback:

A

Promotes change in one direction - instability might result in disease but not always

Week 7 - 12 (38 decks)

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