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Week 7 - 12 > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Scrotum do?

A

Suspend testes outside body

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2
Q

What is the skin like on scrotum?

A

Rugose

Contains dartos muscle (smooth muscle)

Midline raphae

Divided by septum

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3
Q

What is each testis surrounded by?

A

Tunica albuginea

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4
Q

Why is each testis suspended in septum?

A

To keep cool

2-3 degrees below core temp.

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5
Q

Where do sperm pass from?

A

From seminiferous tubules to epididymis

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6
Q

What structures add nutrients to semen?

A

Bulbourethral gland and seminal vesicle

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7
Q

What do Gonads do?

A

Produce ‘seed’ cells or gametes

Male gonads produce sperm by spermatogenesis

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8
Q

What structures are part of the male gonad?

A

Testis and Epididymis

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9
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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10
Q

What do leading cells do?

A

Steroid synthesis

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11
Q

What do serotonin cells do?

A

Nurse cells for sperm

Help sperm develop

Continuous + have tight junctions

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12
Q

What are the Gonadal hormones?

A

FSH - follicle stimulating hormone

LH - Luteinizing hormone

Testosterone (regulated by FSH and LH)

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13
Q

Spermatogenesis:

A 
Spermatogonia 
            |
Primary spermatocytes
            |
Secondary spermatocytes
            |
Spermatids 
            |
Spermatozoa
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14
Q

What’s spermatogenesis regulated by?

A

FSH and testosterone

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15
Q

What’s in head of sperm?

A

Acrosomal cap - enzymes to aid penetration of ovum

Nucleus - genetic material

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16
Q

What’s in the mid piece of sperm?

A

Mitochondria around filamentous core

Energy for tail

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17
Q

What’s the tail of sperm like?

A

Specialised flagellum - movement

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18
Q

Where are testicular endocrine functions?

A

Leading and Sertoli cells

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19
Q

Importance of LH in Testis:

A

Stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone

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20
Q

What happens to testosterone in testis?

A

Diffuses across BM into Sertoli cells

Regulates spermatogenesis

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21
Q

What can Sertoli cells do to Leydig cells?

A

Regulate gene expression in Leydig cells - reduce testosterone production

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22
Q

Explain what happens between testosterone and estradiol in the testis?

A

Testosterone diffuses from Leydig cell to Sertoli cell

Aromatise converts testosterone to estradiol

Estradiol diffuses back to Leydig cell

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23
Q

What HDTV’s HPT axis stand for?

A

Hypothalamic Pituitary Testicular axis

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24
Q

What happens in HPT axis?

A

GnRH is released from preoptic + arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus
|
Anterior pituitary gonadotropes secrete LH and FSH
|
Leydig cell responds to LH and produces testosterone
Sertoli cell responds to FSH and produces inhibin B

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25
Q

Effect of testosterone and Inhibin B in HPT axis:

A

Negative feedback effect on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gonadotropes

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26
Q

Comparison of HPT axis to pathways in ovaries:

A

1 primary hormone in HPT axis (testosterone)

2 hormones in ovaries (oestrogen and progestins)

No role of activins has been established

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27
Q

Effect of testosterone in bone:

A

Growth

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28
Q

Effect of testosterone on muscle:

A

Growth

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29
Q

Effect of testosterone in reproductive organs:

A

Growth + development of structures

Growth of facial, axillary + pubic hair

Growth of larynx - deeper voice

Spermatogenesis

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30
Q

Effect of testosterone on skin:

A

Increase in sebaceous gland size + secretions

31
Q

Shape of uterus:

A

Pear

32
Q

Purpose of uterus:

A

Central pelvic organ for implantation of fertilised ovum

Growth of foetus

33
Q

Structure of uterus:

A

Anteflexed between cervix + body

Anteverted at entry to vagina

34
Q

Position of ovary:

A

On lateral pelvic wall

35
Q

Where does ovulation happen?

A

Into peritoneal cavity

36
Q

What happens to ovum in ovulation?

A

Picked up by fimbriae Ed end of uterine tube

37
Q

What are the female gonads?

A

Ovaries

38
Q

What do female gonads produce?

A

Oocytes by oogenesis

39
Q

Where does oogenesis take place?

A

In follicle

40
Q

What cells are in follicle?

A

Theca and Granulosa cells

41
Q

What gonadal hormones are involved in oogenesis?

A

FSH

LH

Oestrogen and Progestins

42
Q

When does oogenesis begin?

A

Foetal stage of females

43
Q

Oogenesis:

A 
Primordial germ cells (oogonia) increase in number
                |
Oogonia mature into oocytes
                |
20 weeks gestation = max oocyte number
                |
Oocyte numbers decline
44
Q

What do oocytes contain?

A

Follicles in various stages of development (folliculogenesis)

Primordial, primary, secondary, tertiary, mature (Graafian) follicles

45
Q

Purpose of endocrine ovaries:

A

Primarily related to latter follicles

Theca and granulosa cells

Work cooperatively to synthesis + secrete oestradiol

46
Q

Structure of theca cells:

A

Superficial layer of follicle

LH receptors

47
Q

What do Theca cells do?

A

Convert cholesterol into progenolone

Produce androstenedione and testosterone

48
Q

Structure of Granulosa cells:

A

Deep compared to theca

LH and FSH receptors

49
Q

What do Granulosa cells do?

A

Convert cholesterol into pregnolone

Activate aromatase

50
Q

What does HPO axis mean?

A

Hypothalamic Pituitary Ovarian Axis

51
Q

What are the main hypothalamic areas involved in ovarian control?

A

Preoptic and supraoptic nucleus

52
Q

Significance of GnRH in HPO axis:

A

Peptide hormone and produced as prohormone

Modified to active form

Secreted into hypophysis portal system

53
Q

Why is GnRH release pulsatile in HPO axis?

A

Less energy needed

Doesn’t desensitise target tissue receptors

54
Q

What does LH (secreted by anterior pituitary gonadotropes) do in HPO axis?

A

Stimulate Theca cell
|
Produce progestins and estrogens (negative feedback effect)

55
Q

What does FSH (secreted by anterior pituitary gonadotropes) do in HPO axis?

A

Stimulate Granulosa cell
|
Produces Inhibins and Activins

56
Q

How do progestins and estrogens operate in HPO axis?

A

Negative feedback with hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gonadotropes

57
Q

How do inhibins and activins operate in HPO axis?

A

Inhibins = negative feedback with anterior pituitary gonadotropes

Activins = positive feedback with anterior pituitary gonadotropes

58
Q

What are the 3 main Oestrogens?

A

Oestradiol

Oestrone

Oestriol (during pregnancy)

59
Q

Effects of oestrogens on bone:

A

Growth via osteoblasts

60
Q

Effect of Oestrogens on endocrine:

A

Increase in progesterone responses

61
Q

Effects of Oestrogens on Liver:

A

Increase in clotting factors

Increase in steroid-binding proteins

Decrease LDL

Increase HDL

62
Q

Effects of Oestrogens on reproductive organs:

A

Uterine, vaginal and fallopian tube growth

Breast growth

Increase cervical mucus secretion

Increase number of LH receptors on granulosa cells

63
Q

What are progestins?

A

Progesterone

Produced in theca and granulosa cells

64
Q

Effects of Progestins on breast:

A

Increase in lobular development

Decrease milk production

65
Q

Effects of Progestins on reproductive organs:

A

Decrease endometrial growth but increase secretions

Thicker mucosal secretions

66
Q

Effects of Progestins on temperature:

A

Increase internal temp

67
Q

Hormonal regulation of lactation:

A

Stimulus from sucking stimulates production of prolactin

Prolactin stimulates milk production

Decrease in GnRH production - inhibits ovarian cycle

68
Q

What does continuous administration of GnRH cause?

A

Suppression of gonadotrophin secretion

69
Q

What’s endometriosis?

A

Growth of endometrial tissue outside uterine cavity

Results in pain + infertility

70
Q

How can GnRH be used in endometriosis?

A

Continuous administration reduces oestrogen levels - reduced endometriosis tissue

71
Q

Give examples of therapeutic uses of GnRH:

A

Endometriosis

IVF

72
Q

Different types of birth control pill:

A

Fixed combination

Varying-dose

Progestin only

73
Q

How do contraceptive pills work?

A

Suppress LH and FSH secretion

No ovulation as no follicular development / LH surge

Progestin inhibits sperm penetration + reduces chances of implantation

Week 7 - 12 (38 decks)

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