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Week 7 - 12 > Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

What does action potential cause in presynaptic neuron?

A

Opening of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels

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2
Q

What does opening of voltage-gated Ca2+ cause?

A

Ca2+ influx

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3
Q

What does Ca2+ influx cause?

A

Neurotransmitter-filled vesicles to fuse with cell membrane

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4
Q

What happens after neurotransmitter-filled vesicles fuse with cell membrane?

A

Neurotransmitter is released into synaptic cleft and binds to receptors

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5
Q

What happens when neurotransmitter binds to receptors on post-synaptic neuron?

A

Causes ion channels to open and result in ion influx into postsynaptic neuron

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6
Q

Criteria for a substance to be a neurotransmitter:

A

Synthesised in pre-synaptic neuron

Stored presynaptically

Released on demand

Inactivated

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7
Q

What things can happen to the neurotransmitter in synaptic cleft?

A

Re-uptake

Enzymatic inactivation + degradation

Diffusion

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8
Q

What causes synthesis of neurotransmitter?

A

Uptake of precursors

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9
Q

What happens after neurotransmitter is synthesised?

A

Transport/uptake into vesicles

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10
Q

What happens to excess neurotransmitter?

A

Degradation

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11
Q

What happens after neurotransmitter interacts with postsynaptic receptors?

A

Inactivation

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12
Q

Reuptake of neuotransmitters:

A

Re-uptake by nerve terminal

Re-uptake and release by non-neuronal cells

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13
Q

Characteristics of receptors for neurotransmitters?

A

Specific

May be more than one types of receptor for neurotransmitter

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14
Q

What influence a receptor’s response to a neurotransmitter?

A

Patterns of expression and receptor type

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15
Q

Types of receptors:

A

Ionotropic

Metabotropic

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16
Q

What groups are neurotransmitters classified in?

A

Amino acids

Biogenic amines

Peptides

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17
Q

Examples of amino acid receptors:

A

Glutamate

GABA

Glycine

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18
Q

What is glutamate like?

A

Amino acid

Primary excitatory neurotransmitter in central nervous system

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19
Q

What’s Glutamate involved in?

A

Memory

Learning

Cell death

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20
Q

What does GABA stand for?

A

Gamma-aminobutyric acid

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21
Q

What is GABA like?

A

Amino acid

Principle inhibitory neurotransmitter in central nervous system

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22
Q

What does GABA act via?

A

Via chloride channels - so takes membrane potential away from threshold

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23
Q

What is Glycine like?

A

Amino acid

Second most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in central nervous system

Primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in spinal cord and brainstem

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24
Q

What is the post-synaptic action of glutamate mostly?

A

Via ionotropic receptors

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25
Q

Types of receptors for glutamate:

A

NMDA

Kainate

AMPA

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26
Q

NMDA receptors:

A

Calcium ions

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27
Q

Kainate receptors:

A

Sodium and potassium ions

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28
Q

AMPA receptors:

A

Permeable to cations (e.g. calcium, sodium and potassium)

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29
Q

Distribution of glutamate:

A

Neurons spanning hemispheres

Neurons descending to brain stem or spinal cord

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30
Q

(Dys)functions off glutamate:

A

Synaptic plasticity

Excitotoxicity

Migraine

Epilepsy

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31
Q

What is synaptic plasticity?

A

Synapses are strengthened or weakened by feedback mechanisms

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32
Q

What is involved in excitotoxicity?

A

Excessive stimulation of NMDA receptors cause large influx of Ca2 ions - can result in cell depth

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33
Q

How is glutamate associated with epilepsy?

A

Excessive excitation causes feedback loop

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34
Q

How can epilepsy begin as?

A

Partial seizures

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35
Q

What happens if epilepsy becomes more uncontrolled?

A

Grand Mal seizures

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36
Q

What can seizures be treated with?

A

Phenytoin

Benzodiazepines

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37
Q

What does Phenytoin do?

A

Increases refractory period esteem firings in voltage gated sodium channels

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38
Q

What do benzodiazepines do?

A

Increase action of GABA - as inhibitory

39
Q

How do benzodiazepines work?

A

Act on separate receptor binding site on GABA - leads to channel opening more often

40
Q

Where is GABA found?

A

Predominantly in interneurons of CNS

Striatum and globes pallidus

41
Q

What does GABA act on?

A

Ligand gated chloride channels

42
Q

What is GABA inactivated by?

A

Presynaptic reuptake

43
Q

What does alcoholism do to GABA?

A

Changes GABA transmission

Leads to withdrawal results in convulsive movements and seizures

44
Q

How can GABA effected by alcoholism be treated with?

A

Benzodiazepines and phenytoin

45
Q

What’s tetanus caused by?

A

Toxin from clostridium tetani

46
Q

What happens in tetanus?

A

Inhibits glycine release

47
Q

Mild effects of tetanus:

A

Restricted to muscles innervated by cranial nerves

48
Q

Serious effects of tetanus:

A

Epileptiform fits

49
Q

What’s tetanus treated with?

A

Anti-toxin and benzodiazepines

50
Q

Give examples of Biogenic Amines:

A

Catecholamines

Indolamines

51
Q

Examples of catecholamines:

A

Dopamine

Noradrenaline

Adrenaline

52
Q

What is dopamine involved with?

A

Neuromodulator

Pleasure, addiction and movement

53
Q

What’s noradrenaline also known as?

A

Norepinephrine

54
Q

What’s noradrenaline involved with?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

55
Q

What’s a decrease of noradrenaline usually seen in?

A

Parkinson’s and ADHD

56
Q

What is adrenaline involved with?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

Peripheral hormone from adrenal medulla

57
Q

What’s adrenaline also known as?

A

Epinephrine

58
Q

What are all catecholamines synthesised in?

A

Bouton

59
Q

What are all catecholamines principally inactivated by?

A

Re-uptake

60
Q

What are adrenoceptors?

A

G-protein linked metabotropic receptors

61
Q

What’s the locus coeruleus associated with?

A

Sleep

Wakefulness

Alertness

Attention

62
Q

What’s the medulla/hypothalamus associated with?

A

Feeding behaviour

Blood pressure regulation

63
Q

What are dopaminergic receptors?

A

G-protein linked metabotropic receptors

64
Q

What’s Nigrostriatal associated with?

A

Motor control

65
Q

What’s Mesolithic and mesocortical associated with?

A

Behavioural effects

66
Q

What’s tuberohypophyseal system associated with?

A

Endocrine control, via anterior pituitary

67
Q

What structures are involved with noradrenaline pathways in brain?

A

Locus coeruleus

Medulla/hypothalamus

68
Q

What receptors are found in noradrenaline pathways?

A

Adrenoceptors

69
Q

What structures are involved with dopamine pathways in brain?

A

Nigrostriatal

Mesolimbic and mesocortical

Tuberohypophyseal system

70
Q

What receptor is found in dopamine pathways?

A

Dopaminergic

71
Q

Effects of dopamine:

A

Parkinson’s

Schizophrenia

Addiction

72
Q

Examples of catecholamines:

A

Noradrenaline

Adrenaline

Dopamine

73
Q

Examples of indolamines:

A

Serotonin

74
Q

Receptors in serotonin pathways:

A

Large family of both excitatory and inhibitory receptors in CNS and PNS

75
Q

What does serotonin modulate?

A

A range of neurotransmitters such as glutamate, GABA and dopamine

76
Q

What structures are involved with serotonin pathways in the brain?

A

Locus coeruleus

Raphe nuclei

77
Q

What’s locus coeruleus associated with?

A

Sensory signals

78
Q

What’s raphe nuclei associated with?

A

Sleep

Wakefulness

Mood

79
Q

Effects of serotonin:

A

Depression and OCD

80
Q

Give examples of peptide based neurotransmitters:

A

Encephalin

Endorphin

Dynorphin

81
Q

Where are peptides made?

A

In cell body and transported to bouton

82
Q

What are peptide generally?

A

Neurotransmitters or neuromodulators

83
Q

Effects of endorphins and encephalins:

A

Pain

Emotional perception

84
Q

What causes pain?

A

Endorphins and encephalins act on opioid receptors as endogenous ligands

85
Q

What do opioids do?

A

Cause downregulation of opioid receptors in CNS

86
Q

Give an example of an ester based neurotransmitter:

A

Acetylcholine

87
Q

Where’s acetylcholine found?

A

Peripheral and central nervous system

At neuromuscular junction

88
Q

What are neurons like in CNS?

A

Project to hippocampus and cortex

89
Q

What are hippocampus and cortex essential for?

A

Formation of new memories and learning

90
Q

What’s Alzheimer’s disease associated with?

A

Dysfunction of ACh in CNS

91
Q

What’s ACh?

A

Acetylcholine

92
Q

What does nicotine do?

A

Acts on nicotonic ACh receptors

93
Q

What do anticholinesterases do?

A

Prevent breakdown of ACh + prolong its activity

Can be therapeutic but also toxic

Week 7 - 12 (38 decks)

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