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Week 7 - 12 > Epidemiology > Flashcards

Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is mortality rate?

A

Estimate of portion of population that dies during specified time period

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2
Q

What do meaningful statistics in mortality rates need?

A

Denominator population

Time frame

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3
Q

What is case fatality rate?

A

Proportion of cases of a specified condition that are fatal within a specified time

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4
Q

What’s CFR?

A

Case fatality rate

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5
Q

Weaknesses of CFR estimation:

A

Underestimation in early days of outbreak

Overestimation if denominator is limited (CFR only based on sub-group of cases)

Assumes all cases have been tested

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6
Q

What does more testing allow with CFR rate?

A

Higher accuracy

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7
Q

What is infection fatality rate?

A

Proportion of cases of a specified condition that die divided by total infected people

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8
Q

What is IFR?

A

Infection fatality rates

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9
Q

What does IFR accuracy depend on?

A

Detection and reporting of a symptomatic or mild symptom cases

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10
Q

What is R0?

A

Reproduction number - number of cases that can be potentially infected by one case

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11
Q

R0 < 1

A

Less likely spread of disease

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12
Q

R0 > 1

A

More likely spread of disease

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13
Q

Characteristics of R0:

A

Not biologically constant

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14
Q

Give an example of calculating mortality rate:

A

50 people died of flu x100
——————————————-
Population of fife

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15
Q

Give an example of person-time:

A

10 deaths per 10000 person years

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16
Q

What can person years mean?

A

10000 people for 1 year

5000 people for 2 years

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17
Q

Give example of n-year follow up:

A

5-year mortality of 10 per 10000 people

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18
Q

When are death rates meaningless?

A

Without denominator population and time

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19
Q

What is incidence?

A

Number of new cases

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20
Q

Calculating incidence rate:

A

Number of new people with outcome over time period x100000
——————————————————————————————————
Total number of people (or person-time for people) in group at risk

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21
Q

What’s prevalence?

A

Proportion of population that has disease

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22
Q

What is point prevalence rate?

A

At a specified time

23
Q

Calculating point prevalence rate:

A

Number of people with outcome at a point in time x100
—————————————————————————————
Total number of people in group

24
Q

What’s period prevalence rate?

A

Over specified period

25
Q

Calculating period prevalence rate:

A

Number of people with outcome during time period x100
——————————————————————————————-
Average number of people in group

26
Q

Differences between incidence and prevalence:

A

Incidence can be rate or proportion whereas prevalence can only be a proportion

27
Q

Sporadic definition:

A

Occasional cases occurring irregularly

28
Q

Endemic definition:

A

Persistent background level of occurrence

Low-moderate levels

29
Q

Outbreak definition:

A

Greater than expected cases of endemic levels

30
Q

Pandemic definition:

A

Occurring in more than one continent

31
Q

What are the different types of exposures?

A

Non-modifiable (e.g. age)

Modifiable (e.g. weight)

Interventions (e.g. drug therapy)

32
Q

How do you calculate risk?

A

Number of outcomes in group
———————————————— x100
Number if people in group

33
Q

How do you calculate relative risk?

A

Risk in exposed
—————————
Risk in unexposed

34
Q

How do you calculate relative risk reduction?

A

(1 - Relative risk) x 100

35
Q

How do you calculate absolute risk reduction?

A

Risk in unexposed - risk in exposed

36
Q

How do you calculate number needed to treat?

A

1
————————————
Absolute risk reduction

37
Q

What are confidence intervals?

A

Range of plausible values

38
Q

What does it mean if the confidence interval is wider?

A

Greater the uncertainty

39
Q

Cross-sectional study:

A

Sample population

Estimate proportion + use data

40
Q

Case-control study:

A

Select cases with outcome and controls without outcome

Explore exposures + compare

Identify association

41
Q

Cohort study:

A

Select people with outcome + classify according to exposure

Follow-up

Compare risk of disease in exposed and unexposed

42
Q

Randomised controlled trial:

A

Random allocation

Compare risk of outcome in intervention and control groups

43
Q

Objectives in cross-sectional:

A

Prevalence

44
Q

Objectives of case-control:

A

Cause

45
Q

Objective of cohort:

A

Cause

Prognosis

Incidence

46
Q

Objective of randomised controlled trial:

A

Treatment effect

47
Q

Time-frame of cross-sectional:

A

Past

48
Q

Time-frame of case-control:

A

Past

49
Q

Time-frame of cohort:

A

Prospective = future

Retrospective = past

50
Q

Time-frame of randomised controlled trial:

A

Future

51
Q

What is confounding?

A

True relationship confused by third factor

52
Q

What may bias involve?

A

Systematic error (how data is used)

53
Q

What does bias lead to?

A

Wrong conclusion about effectiveness and causation

Week 7 - 12 (38 decks)

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