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Week 7 - 12 > Synapse 2 > Flashcards

Synapse 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

Help compute the response of the neuron

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2
Q

How do dendrites help compute the response of the neuron?

A

Timing and multiplicity of inputs

Dendritic morphology and end bulb position

Different types of electrical activity

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3
Q

What’s dendritic morphology?

A

Spines

Branching

Length

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4
Q

What does position of dendritic end bulbs do?

A

Governs input to cell body and AP output

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5
Q

Single EPSP:

A

Single input of action potential

No action potential triggered

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6
Q

Spatial summation:

A

Multiple inputs of action potential

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7
Q

Temporal summation:

A

Train of inputs of action potential

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8
Q

What triggers an action potential?

A

2 coincident EPSP - summed

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9
Q

What stops 2 EPSP triggering an action potential?

A

Adding a coincident IPSP

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10
Q

IPSP

A

Inhibitor postsynaptic membrane potential

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11
Q

EPSP

A

Excitatory postsynaptic membrane potential

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12
Q

What governs output of a neuron?

A

Summation of EPSPs/IPSPs

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13
Q

What prevents a neuron from firing?

A

IPSP

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14
Q

What determines level of excitation of a neuron?

A

Dendrite structure and synapse location

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15
Q

What does the strength of postsynaptic membrane potential depend on?

A

Placement of excitatory or inhibitory nature of the inputs

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16
Q

What length spines of dendrites produce a lower EPSP?

A

Longer spine

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17
Q

Electrical activity in dendrites:q

A

EPSP and IPSPs are passive electrical activity - set axonal response

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18
Q

What forms of electrical activity in dendrites are active self propagating?

A

The dendritic spike

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19
Q

What do dendritic spikes do?

A

Boost the depolarisation in dendrites

Can leak into cell body to stimulate an action potential

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20
Q

When do dendritic spikes especially occur?

A

When stimulation is intense in space or time (coincidence detection)

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21
Q

What can dendritic spikes do on post synaptic membrane?

A

They can act locally on post synaptic membranes

Generate long term potentiation - in learning and memory

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22
Q

What’s involved in post synaptic integration?

A

Computation

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23
Q

What is computation?

A

Spatial and temporal summation of multiple PSPs / dendritic spikes is required to achieve threshold

Includes effects of dendritic spine and tree morphology

24
Q

What does post synaptic integration act as?

A

Decision making process

25
Q

What is memory due to?

A

Strengthened synapses

New synapses

26
Q

What does long term potentiation include?

A

EPSP is increased

27
Q

What may result in stronger synapses?

A

Increased neurotransmitter release

Increased sensitivity

Increased number of receptors

Increased size of post synaptic machinery

28
Q

What causes reception of signals?

A

Highly branched processes

Dendrite tree and dendritic spines

29
Q

What is long term potentiation associated with?

A

Making new synapses in vivo on dendritic spines

30
Q

What is long term potentiation?

A

Synaptic connections become stronger with frequent activation

31
Q

What’s involved with the formation of a new dendritic spine?

A

Filopodia formation

Thin spine formation - formation of new synapse

Spine head widening

Multiple spine formation - increase in synaptic transmission

32
Q

What does neuroplasticity result in?

A

Stronger/weaker synapses

More/less synapses

33
Q

How does neuroplasticity to result in stronger synapses?

A

Upregulation of neurotransmitter secretion

Receptor expression

Phosphorylation control (signalling)

34
Q

How ones neuroplasticity result in more synapses?

A

Sprouting

Branching

Dendritic spine formation

35
Q

What is changes in synaptic transmission driven by?

A

Local signalling pathways

36
Q

What is structural changes driven by?

A

Signalling to the nucleus - driving transcription

37
Q

What is Hebb’s learning rule?

A

That there is a learning pathway to a sequence

Learning is a predicting sequence

38
Q

How does Hebb’s learning rule suggest synapses strengthen/stabilise?

A

Correlated pre/postsynaptic activities

39
Q

How does Hebb’s learning rule suggest synapses weaken?

A

Uncorrelated pre/postsynaptic activities

40
Q

What may synaptic change be due to?

A

Increases and decreases in synaptic strength leading to behavioural plasticity

41
Q

What is similar between behavioural learning and synaptic plasticity?

A

Temporal and molecular properties

42
Q

What does behavioural learning appear to use?

A

Similar underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms

E.g. addiction

43
Q

What do addictive drugs cause?

A

Large release of dopamine in reward centre

44
Q

What does dopamine do in addictive drugs?

A

Reinforces repeat and return behaviours to the drug

45
Q

What seems to be the start of behavioural changes in Addie drugs?

A

Synaptic plasticity in glutaminergic synapses

46
Q

What can addictive drugs do to the frontal lobe?

A

Less active executive control

47
Q

Why is normal dose of pleasure less effective in addictive drugs?

A

Down regulation of transmission (reduced vesicles)

Down regulation of reception (reduced receptors)

48
Q

Examples of multi-neuron networks:

A

Feedforward excitation and inhibition

Lateral inhibition

Feedback/recurrent excitation and inhibition

Convergence/divergence

49
Q

What do inhibitory microcircuits include?

A

Interneurons

Short axons

Fast acting

Inhibition mostly by GABA

50
Q

Location of central pattern generators:

A

Spinal cord (+elsewhere)

51
Q

What do central pattern generators do?

A

Communication in white matter in spinal cord

52
Q

What’s involved in regional specialisation and communication?

A

Central pattern generators

53
Q

Give an example of an inhibitory interneurons:

A

Stimulation of touch can help block transmission of pain impulses to brain

54
Q

What results in a higher degree of convergence in a neuron?

A

More dendrites

55
Q

What is neuronal divergence?

A

Information from a single neuron is passed to a number of other neurons simultaneously

No loss of signal strength

Week 7 - 12 (38 decks)

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