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Week 7 - 12 > Gastrulation > Flashcards

Gastrulation Flashcards

1
Q

What essentially is gastrulation?

A

Two layers become three

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2
Q

What does a bi-laminar disc consist of?

A

Epiblast and Hypoblast

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3
Q

When does gastrulation start?

A

Beginning of week 3

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4
Q

What happens at the beginning of gastrulation?

A

Groove and pit form on epiblast along head-tail axis

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5
Q

What is the groove in epiblast?

A

Primitive streak

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6
Q

What is the pit on epiblast?

A

Primitive pit and primitive node

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7
Q

What defines anterior pole of embryo?

A

Anterior visceral endoderm of hypoblast (a.k.a. Anterior hypoblast)

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8
Q

What happens to epiblast cells at beginning of gastrulation?

A

They divide and stream into embryo from primitive streak/node

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9
Q

How does endoderm start to form in gastrulation?

A

Some migrating epiblast cells start to replace hypoblast

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10
Q

How does mesoderm form in gastrulation?

A

Other epiblast cells spread between two layers (epiblast and hypoblast)

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11
Q

What is the notochord?

A

Specialised rod shaped mesoderm structure

In front of the primitive node at nose-end

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12
Q

What does the notochord form between?

A

Form between two layers (epiblast and hypoblast) from streams of epiblast cells

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13
Q

What does epiblast become in gastrulation?

A

Endoderm

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14
Q

What is the notochord important for?

A

Signalling - to direct development of nervous system

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15
Q

What’s neurulation?

A

Formation of nervous system

Formation of tube from dorsal ectoderm

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16
Q

What does the primitive node/notochord organise in neural action?

A

Dorsal structures

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17
Q

What develops in neural action?

A

Node and notochord release factors that block BMP - drives formation of skin and back/neural tissue

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18
Q

What factors do node and notochord release in neural action?

A

Chordin

Noggin

Follistatin

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19
Q

What does BMP stand for?

A

Bone morphogenic proteins

20
Q

What cells give rise to notochord?

A

Transplanting node cells

21
Q

What’s neurulation induced by?

A

Notochord

22
Q

What happens to epithelial cells in neurulation?

A

Become columnar over neural plate

23
Q

What happens to neural plate in neurulation?

A

Converts to groove and then a tube

24
Q

What can be seen on day 20-21 (neurulation)?

A

Cells on plate edge have thickened to form neural folds and neural groove

25
Q

What happens on day 22 (neurulation)?

A

Edges roll over and cells fuse to make a tunnel = neural tube

Actin constricts on apex surface of cells to allow tube to form

26
Q

What happens on day 25 (neurulation)?

A

Closure of rostral neuropore (nose direction)

27
Q

What happens on day 27 (neurulation)?

A

Closure of Caudal neuropore (tail direction)

28
Q

What pore will form brain?

A

Rostral neuropore

29
Q

WHat pore will form spinal region?

A

Caudal neuropore

30
Q

What forms the neural crest?

A

Specialised cells that have migrated away from the neural tube epithelium

31
Q

WHat do neural crest cells produce?

A

Variety of cell types

32
Q

What essentially is the mesoderm?

A

Cells that lie between hypoblast and epiblast (third layer)

33
Q

What happens to cells tha remain in epiblast?

A

Become ectoderm

34
Q

WHat are the 3 elements to mesoderm?

A

Paraxial mesoderm

Intermediate mesoderm

Lateral plate mesoderm

35
Q

What happens when paraxial mesoderm becomes segmented?

A

Somites form via clock and wavefront model

36
Q

What happens when a wave of FGF signal passes along the embryo?

A

Cells along paraxial mesoderm are programmed to change into part of a somite

37
Q

What happens if the wave passes cells early in clock cycle?

A

Become front end of segment

38
Q

What happens if the wave passes cells late in clock cycle?

A

Become tail end of segment

39
Q

Derivatives of paraxial mesoderm:

A

Somite divides into sclerotome, myotome and dermatome

40
Q

What structures does paraxial mesoderm form?

A

Axial skeletal structures

Skeletal muscle

Dermis (dorsal trunk)

41
Q

Derivatives of intermediate mesoderm:

A

Kidney and gonads

42
Q

What structures does intermediate mesoderm form?

A

Kidney

Urogenital structures

Gonads

43
Q

Derivatives of lateral plate mesoderm:

A

Splanchnic and somatic

44
Q

What structures does lateral plate mesoderm give rise to?

A

Heart

Blood vessels + blood

Limbs

Spleen

45
Q

Derivatives of midline mesoderm:

A

Prechordal mesoderm

Notochord

46
Q

What structures does midline mesoderm give rise to?

A

Future site of mouth

47
Q

What connects yolk sac to gut in endoderm?

A

Vitelline duct

Week 7 - 12 (38 decks)

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