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Week 7 - 12 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nervous system divided into?

A

Central nervous system (CNS)

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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2
Q

What does the CNS consist of?

A

Encephalon and spinal cord

Covered by meninges (membranes)

Suspended in serebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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3
Q

What does the PNS consist of?

A

Cranial and spinal nerves

Ganglia

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4
Q

What does the brain stem consist of?

A

Nuclei of all but first 2 cranial nerves

Medulla, pons and midbrain

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5
Q

What does the cerebrum consist of?

A

Telencephalon - cerebral hemispheres

Diencephalon

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6
Q

What’s the telencephalon responsible for?

A

Motor and sensory

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7
Q

What’s the diencephalon responsible for?

A

Basic brain

E.g. ‘fight or flight’ , mating

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8
Q

What structures are included in the CNS?

A

Spinal cord

Brain stem

Cerebellum

Cerebrum

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9
Q

What are neurons?

A

Excitable nerve cells

Transmit information as electrical signals / action potentials

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10
Q

What does a typical neuron have?

A

Cell body (soma)

Neurite(s)

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11
Q

What’s a neurite?

A

A dendrite or axon

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12
Q

Structure of an axon:

A

Usually covered with myelin or Schwann cells

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13
Q

Structure of dendrites:

A

Multiple, thin, short extensions

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14
Q

What are neurons supported by?

A

Neuroglia (specialised glial cells)

Can regenerate

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15
Q

Glial cells (neuroglia) in PNS:

A

Satellite and Schwann cells

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16
Q

What do satellite cells do?

A

Support + monitor neurons

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17
Q

What do Schwann cells do?

A

Wrap around 1 axon

Filled with myelin - electrical insulation

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18
Q

What glial cells (neuroglia) are in CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

Astrocytes

Microglia

Ependymal cells

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19
Q

What do oligodendrocytes do?

A

Surround multiple axons with myelin sheaths

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20
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A

Involved with blood-brain barrier

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21
Q

What do microglial cells do?

A

Clear up dead neurons + cells

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22
Q

What do ependymal cells do?

A

Line inside of brain

Produce cerebralspinal fluid

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23
Q

What is myelin produced by?

A

Schwann cells in PNS

Oligodendroglia in CNS

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24
Q

Hat is myelin made up of?

A

Insulation material

Rich in lipid and protein

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25
Q

Importance of myelin sheaths around axons:

A

Faster conduction - less energy

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26
Q

How do neurons communicate?

A

Via synapses

Between axons and dendrites

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27
Q

What’s ganglion?

A

In PNS

Collection of nerve cell bodies outside CNS

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28
Q

What does grey matter predominantly consist of?

A

Cell bodies or neurons + neuroglia + unmyelinated neurites

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29
Q

Where is grey matter found?

A

Surface of cerebral + cerebellum hemispheres

Depths of cerebrum

Middle of spinal cord

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30
Q

What does white matter consist of?

A

Axons (usually myelinated)

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31
Q

Where is white matter found?

A

Deep in brain

Surface of spinal cord - surrounding grey matter

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32
Q

Direction of axons:

A

Up/down

Front/back

Left/right

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33
Q

What can be used to show many axons connecting specific areas of CNS?

A

Diffusion tensor imaging (MRI)

Generates 3D model

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34
Q

What’s the PNS divided into?

A

Sensory (afferent)

Motor (efferent)

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35
Q

What’s the difference between sensory and motor PNS?

A

Sensory is afferent (signals come in)

Motor is efferent (signals go out)

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36
Q

What can the sensory PNS be divided into?

A

Somatic sensory - conscious e.g. body wall + limbs

Visceral sensory - unconscious e.g. blood pH

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37
Q

What is motor PNS divided into?

A

Somatic motor - conscious

Visceral motor - unconscious e.g. smooth muscle

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38
Q

What is visceral motor in motor PNS further divided into?

A

Enteric - almost autonomous nervous system of gut

Parasympathetic

Sympathetic

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39
Q

What do afferent neurons do in sensory division?

A

Convey information from receptors in peripheral tissue and organs to CNS

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40
Q

What do efferent neurons do in motor division?

A

Transmit signals from CNS to the effector cell

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41
Q

What does sensory input do in the NS?

A

Monitors both external and internal environments

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42
Q

What can efferent division of the nervous system also be divided into?

A

Somatic and autonomic

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43
Q

What is involved with somatic NS?

A

Skeletal muscles

Voluntary

44
Q

What is involved with autonomic NS?

A

Cardiac and smooth muscles

Glands

Important for internal homeostasis

Involuntary

45
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system divided into?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

46
Q

Where is the sympathetic system found?

A

Thoracolumbar

47
Q

Where is the parasympathetic system found?

A

Craniosacral

48
Q

What’s sympathetic nervous system involved with?

A

Fight or flight e.g. increase heart rate

Activates body under conditions of emergency

49
Q

What’s the parasympathetic system involved with?

A

Rest + digest e.g. decrease heart rate

Conserves body energy + maintains body activity at basal levels - homeostasis

50
Q

Where are cell bodies in sympathetic system found?

A

At lateral horn of T1-L2 spinal cord segments

51
Q

Where are cell bodies of parasympathetic system found?

A

At brain stem or S2-4 spinal cord segments

52
Q

What are encephalon and spinal cored protected by?

A

Bones (skull bones + vertebrae)

Meninges

Cerebrospinal-spinal fluid

53
Q

What are the three layers in the meninges?

A

Dura mater

Arachnoid mater

Pia mater

54
Q

Structure of dura in meninges:

A

All around brain + spinal cord

Most superficial and toughest

2 layers - inner miningeal + outer periosteal

55
Q

Why is there inward septae of dura?

A

Dura partitions

Secure brain to skull

Dampen movement of brain in cranial cavity

Divide cranial cavity into communicating compartments

56
Q

Give examples of dura septae:

A

Falx cerebelli

Falx cerebri

57
Q

What is the structure of arachnoid layer in meninges?

A

Close to dura

Web-like

58
Q

What is the structure of pia in meninges?

A

Deepest layer

Direct contact with CNS tissue

Highly vascular

Enters every sulci

59
Q

What spaces are found in meninges?

A

Epidural

Subdural

Subarachnoid

60
Q

Epidural space:

A

Between dura and bone

Can bleed into it

61
Q

Subdural space:

A

Potential space between dura and arachnoid

Can bleed into it

62
Q

Subarachnoid space:

A

Between arachnoid + pia

Contains Cerebrospinal fluid + cerebral arteries

63
Q

What are cerebral ventricles?

A

Interconnected spaces filled with cerebrospinal fluid

64
Q

What are the cerebral ventricles?

A

Lateral ventricle

3rd ventricle

4th ventricle

Central canal

65
Q

Where is the lateral cerebral vertical positioned?

A

Cerebral hemisphere

66
Q

Where is 3rd cerebral ventricle positioned?

A

Diencephalon

67
Q

Where is 4th cerebral ventricle positioned?

A

Brain stem

68
Q

Where is the central canal positioned?

A

Spinal canal

69
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Clear, cell free

Fills cerebral ventricles

Passes from cerebral ventricles to subarachnoid space

70
Q

What is Cerebrospinal fluid produced by?

A

Choroid plexus in lateral and 3rd ventricles

71
Q

Where does cerebrospinal fluid circulate?

A

Cisterns and subarachnoid space

72
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid absorbed by?

A

Arachnoid granulation into dural venous sinuses

73
Q

What does the external surface of the brain look like?

A

Gyri - in folding of cerebral hemispheres (convolutions)

Gyri separated from each other by Sulci

74
Q

Structure of cerebrum:

A

Two hemispheres divided by Median longitudinal fissure

75
Q

What does each hemisphere in cerebrum consist of?

A

Cerebral cortex

Cerebral white matter

Nuclei

76
Q

What are cerebral lobes?

A

Parts of hemispheres (telencephalon)

Formed by gyri and separated by sulci

77
Q

What are the different cerebral lobes?

A

Frontal

Parietal

Occipital

Temporal

Limbic - binding lobe

Insula- deep

78
Q

What can we use to determine the functions of different regions of the nervous system?

A

Lesion and outcome

Animal experiments

Functional imaging techniques (PET, fMRI)

79
Q

Function of frontal lobe:

A

Motor

80
Q

Function of parietal lobe:

A

Sensory

81
Q

Function of occipital lobe:

A

Vision

82
Q

Function of temporal lobe:

A

Auditory

83
Q

Function of left hemisphere:

A

Language and maths

84
Q

Function of right hemisphere:

A

Visual-spatial skills and creativity

85
Q

Broca’s area:

A

Forming words

86
Q

Wernicke’s area:

A

Understanding words

87
Q

What’s involved with diencephalon?

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

88
Q

Function of Thalamus:

A

Relay station for sensory impulses ascending to sensory cortex

Encloses 3rd ventricle

89
Q

Function of hypothalamus:

A

Autonomic + endocrine control

90
Q

Function of midbrain:

A

Superior and inferior colliculi (visual + auditory reflex centres)

Red nucleus (subcortical motor centre)

Substantial nigra (reward-seeking, motor learning)

91
Q

What does the midbrain surround?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

92
Q

Functions of Pons:

A

Conduction area between forebrain + cerebellum

Nuclei contribute to regulation of respiration, hearing + balance

93
Q

Functions of medulla:

A

Pyramidal decussation before entering spinal cord

Vital centres - respiratory rhythm, heart rate

Non-vital centres - cough, sneeze

94
Q

What is pyramidal decussation?

A

Crossing of corticospinal axons

95
Q

Where are the 2 hemispheres in cerebellum?

A

Cerebellar fossa

96
Q

Functions of cerebellum:

A

Processes + interprets impulses from motor cortex and sensory pathways

Coordinates motor activity for smooth movements - important for balance

97
Q

What essentially is the spinal cord?

A

Two way impulse conduction pathway + reflex centre

98
Q

What is the spinal cord protected by?

A

Vertebrae

Meninges

Cerebrospinal fluid

99
Q

Where does the spinal cord extend from?

A

Extends from skull base (foramen magnum) to level of L1/L2 intevertebral disc or mid L2 vertebra

Doesn’t extend length of vertebral column

100
Q

What are cervical and lumbosacral enlargements involved with?

A

Innervation of limbs

101
Q

Where is the conus medullaris?

A

End of spinal cord

102
Q

What does grey matter of spinal cord contain?

A

Dorsal/posterior horns

Lateral horns

Ventral/anterior horns

103
Q

What does white matter of spinal cord consist of?

A

Ventral/anterior columns

Lateral columns

Dorsal/posterior columns

104
Q

What can the spinal cord be divided into?

A

Segments - associated with one pair of spinal nerves

105
Q

What segments is the spinal cord divided into?

A

Cervical (8)

Thoracic (12)

Lumbar (5)

Sacral (5)

Coccygeal (1)

106
Q

What is Cauda equina?

A

Roots of lumbar and spinal nerves

Week 7 - 12 (38 decks)

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