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Week 7 - 12 > Intro To Molecular Biology 3 > Flashcards

Intro To Molecular Biology 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Differences in structure between DNA and RNA:

A

DNA = double helix

RNA = single strand + may have secondary or tertiary structure (more complex)

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2
Q

Function of DNA:

A

Information storage

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3
Q

Functions of RNA:

A

Genetic message - mRNA

Adaptor - tRNA

Structural RNAs - Xist

Catalyst - rRNAs , spliceosome snRNAs

Guide RNAs - for RNA editing

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4
Q

What’s involved in transcription?

A

DNA used as template

Complementary to one strand

RNA polymerase (5’ to 3’)

Not as accurate as DNA replication

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5
Q

Difference between RNA polymerase and DNA polymerase:

A

RNA = polymerises 40 bases/second

DNA = 100 bases/second

RNA polymerase doesn’t require primer

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6
Q

What’s the coding strand in transcription?

A

Non-template strand

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7
Q

Characteristics of coding strand:

A

Sequence equal to RNA

Not all genes on chromosome are in same orientation

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8
Q

What’s important to know about copies of RNA?

A

Many copies are made simultaneously

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9
Q

What are promoters?

A

Region of DNA

Found before transcription site, signals its beginning

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10
Q

What are terminators?

A

Region of DNA

Marks end of transcription

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11
Q

What are the 3 different types of RNA polymerase?

A

RNA pol I

RNA pol II

RNA pol III

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12
Q

What RNA does RNA pol I generate?

A

rRNA

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13
Q

What RNA does RNA pol II generate?

A

Protein coding RNA

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14
Q

What RNA does RNA pol III generate?

A

tRNA

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15
Q

What’s the promoter for RNA pol II?

A

TATA box

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16
Q

What does the TATA box do?

A

Facilitates binding of RNA polymerase and transcription factors (e.g. TBP)

Located 25 bases upstream of starter code

17
Q

What does TBP mean?

A

TATA binding factor

18
Q

What doers TBP do?

A

Distorts shape of DNA once bound - allows binding of RNA pol II

19
Q

What does TBP do to the shape of DNA?

A

Creates ink in DNA and binds minor groove

Facilitates strand opening to allow transcription to start

20
Q

What’s the core promoter?

A

Basal transcription

21
Q

What does the regulating gene do?

A

Transcription is tightly controlled - e.g. insulin

22
Q

What does the housekeeping gene do?

A

Transcription always on - e.g. actin

23
Q

How does RNA polymerase bind to DNA?

A

RNA polymerase binds to factor-promoter complex

Trans-acting factors bind to cis-acting promoter

RNA cannot bind directly to promoter

24
Q

What are enhancers?

A

Short DNA sequences

50-1500 base pairs

25
Q

Where are enhancers located?

A

Not always located close to transcription start site as they can work from a distance

26
Q

What do enhancers do?

A

Bind to transcription factors to increase likelihood of specific section of DNA being transcripted

Stabilise transcription machinery assembly by protein-protein interactions

27
Q

What are enhancers opposed by?

A

Silencers

28
Q

What are the two domains of transcription factors?

A

DNA binding domain

Activation domain

29
Q

What ways can transcription be controlled?

A

Protein only synthesised when transcription happens

Protein inactivated by phosphorylation, dephosphorylation and ligand binding

Protein inhibited and rendered inactive by inhibitor

Protein has inactive binding partner switched with active binding partner

30
Q

Why must mRNA be processed?

A

Protection from exonucleases

Aid export from nucleus

Identified as mRNA

31
Q

What are exonucleases?

A

Enzymes which cleave nucleotides

32
Q

What are introns?

A

Non-coding segment of DNA/RNA

33
Q

What are exons?

A

Coding segment of DNA/RNA after introns are spliced

34
Q

What was the sequence of information in genes and proteins known to be?

A

Co-linear

35
Q

What was the sequence of information in genes discovered to be?

A

Interrupted - not contiguous

36
Q

What does splicing take place through?

A

2 esterification reactions

37
Q

Importance of post-transcriptional modifications:

A

Many different proteins made from same DNA

Week 7 - 12 (38 decks)

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