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Week 7 - 12 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

Second control system of body

Slower than nervous system

Actions mediated by hormones

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2
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

No ducts

Secrete + release hormones directly into blood

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3
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers

Act on target cells through specific receptors

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4
Q

What are the three classes of hormones?

A

Proteins

Steroids

Amino acid derivatives

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5
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

Secrete outside of body e.g. skin, mouth

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6
Q

Development of glands:

A

Develop from epithelial cells

Cords of cells grow down into underlying tissue

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7
Q

Examples of exocrine glands:

A

Intestinal glands of Lieberkuhn

Sweat glands

Glands of stomach + uterus

Sebaceous glands of skin

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8
Q

Structure of exocrine glands:

A

Secretory cells arranged in alveoli

Basement membrane

Acinus

Duct

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9
Q

What do epithelial cells do in exocrine glands?

A

They form ducts to carry secretions onto epithelium surface

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10
Q

Characteristics of endocrine glands:

A

Ductless

Rich blood supply - lots of capillaries

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11
Q

How does the hormone travel in endocrine glands?

A

Hormone diffuses out of extracellular fluid into bloodstream (through capillary fenestrations)

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12
Q

What are paracrine secretions?

A

Involve paracrine factors (polypeptides) that diffuse over short distances

No blood transport

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13
Q

What is paracrine secretion involved with?

A

Cell to cell communication

Induce changes in adjacent cells (e.g. peptide neurotransmitters)

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14
Q

What is paracrine secretion important in?

A

Embryogenesis - gradients of polypeptides influence developmental change

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15
Q

Examples of families of different polypeptide hormones:

A

Fibroblast growth factor family

Hedgehog family

WnT family

TGF-B superfamily

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16
Q

What glands are part of endocrine system?

A

Pineal gland

Hypothalamus

Pituitary

Thyroid

Parathyroid

Thymus

Adrenal

Pancreas

Ovary

Testis

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17
Q

What does the pineal gland do?

A

Releases melatonin - controls sleep patterns + circadian rhythms

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18
Q

Where is adrenal gland positioned?

A

Superior poles of both kidneys

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19
Q

What are hormones like in the blood?

A

Very low concentrations

Varying concentrations - important when measuring plasma levels

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20
Q

How are steroid and thyroid hormones transported in the blood?

A

They are hydrophobic and insoluble

By specific carrier / binding proteins

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21
Q

Why are steroid and thyroid hormones carried by binding proteins in the blood?

A

Improves solubility

Increases half life

Provides reserve in blood - increases concentrations

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22
Q

What must hormones attached to binding proteins do before binding to receptor on target cell?

A

Must dissociate as not biologically active

Only free hormones are biologically active

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23
Q

What are the different types of receptors?

A

Cell membrane receptors - hydrophilic hormones bind as can’t get inside cell

Intracellular receptors in nucleus - hydrophobic hormones (steroids and thyroids) diffuse through membrane to gain access to nucleus

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24
Q

What are the three types of hormones?

A

Proteins

Steroids

Amino acid derivatives

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25
Q

Structure of protein hormones:

A

Chains of amino acids (usually injected)

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26
Q

What are steroids like?

A

Synthesised from cholesterol - basic structure

Oral administration

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27
Q

What are amino acid derivatives like?

A

Thyroid hormones

Catecholamines (adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine)

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28
Q

How does anterior pituitary develop?

A

Develops from epithelium of mouth

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29
Q

How does posterior pituitary develop?

A

As a downgrowth of hypothalamus

Consists of nerve fibres

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30
Q

What’s involved in endocrine regulation?

A

Endocrine axes / Cascades

Hypothalamus

Pituitary hormones

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31
Q

What do endocrine axes / cascades allow?

A

Target tissue of one hormone is another endocrine gland

Allows amplification and fine control

32
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Secretes hormones - control secretion and release of pituitary hormones

33
Q

What do pituitary glands do?

A

Stimulate/control many other endocrine glands

34
Q

Functions of hypothalamus:

A

Controls release of anterior pituitary hormones via releasing hormones

Secretes hormones that are stored + released by posterior lobe of pituitary gland (oxytocin and ADH)

35
Q

What’s ADH?

A

Antidiuretic hormone

36
Q

What is the anterior lobe of pituitary gland also known as?

A

Adenohypophysis

37
Q

What hormones do epithelial cells in anterior lobe of pituitary gland secret?

A 
GH
TSH
ACTH
FSH
LH
Prolactin
38
Q

What’s GH?

A

Growth hormone

39
Q

What’s TSH?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

40
Q

What’s ACTH?

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

41
Q

WWhat’s the posterior lobe of pituitary gland called?

A

Neurohypophysis

42
Q

Structure of posterior lobe:

A

Consists of neural tissue

43
Q

What does posterior lobe of pituitary gland do?

A

Stores hormones secreted by neurosecretory cells in hypothalamus

44
Q

How are hormones secreted by hypothalamus transported to posterior lobe of pituitary gland?

A

Via neuronal axons in the stalk

45
Q

What hormones does posterior lobe of pituitary gland release?

A

ADH

Oxytocin

46
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

Stimulates milk ejection

Contraction of myometrium

47
Q

What does ADH do?

A

Acts in renal/kidney

Reduces amount of urine so body can retain water

48
Q

What happens in endocrine axes / cascades?

A

Hypothalamus controls pituitary

Pituitary controls other endocrine glands (e.g. gonads)

49
Q

Give example of an endocrine axes / cascade?

A

Hypothalamus secretes GnRH

GnRH stimulates secretion of FSH

FSH stimulates gonad to secrete oestrogen/testosterone

50
Q

WHat’s GnRH?

A

Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone

51
Q

What are endocrine axes / Cascades important in?

A

Negative feedback

Final product of cascade inhibits hormone higher up in cascade

52
Q

What’s a pituitary adenoma?

A

Uncontrollable release of hormone

E.g. Acromegaly - over secretion of growth hormone

53
Q

Position of thyroid gland:

A

Anterior to trachea in neck

54
Q

How does thyroid gland develop?

A

As down growth of epithelium of tongue

55
Q

What do follicular cells within thyroid gland secrete?

A

Follicular cells secrete T3 and T4 - requires iodine

56
Q

What’s T3

A

Tri-iodothyronine

57
Q

What’s T4?

A

Thyroxine

58
Q

What are hormones secreted by thyroid gland stored in?

A

Colloid (thyroglobulin)

59
Q

What does thyroxine (T4) regulate?

A

Energy use - rate of metabolism

Protein production - growth + development

Regulates sensitivity of cells to other hormones

60
Q

What do parafollicular cells procude in the thyroid gland?

A

Calcitonin - regulates calcium homeostatic + stimulates osteoblasts

61
Q

Structure of parathyroid glands:

A

Develop from wall of pharynx

Two pairs of glands

Embedded in posterior aspect of thyroid

62
Q

What do parathyroid glands do?

A

Produce parathyroid hormone

Regulate calcium homeostasis - stimulate osteoclasts to breakdown bone matrix

Increase blood calcium levels

63
Q

What’s in the cortex of adrenal glands?

A

Three layers of epithelial cells

  1. Zona glomerulosa
  2. Zona fasciculata
  3. Zona reticularis (innermost layer)
64
Q

What’s in the medulla of adrenal glands?

A

Neural crest cells

65
Q

What doe the adrenal cortex produce?

A

Steroid hormones

66
Q

What does the adrenal cortex develop from?

A

Mesoderm of posterior abdominal wall

67
Q

What does Zona glomerulosa consist of?

A

Mineralocorticoids e.g. aldosterone

68
Q

What does Zona fasciculata consist of?

A

Glucocorticoids

69
Q

What does Zona reticularis consist of?

A

Sex steroids

70
Q

What does the adrenal medulla develop from?

A

From neuroectoderm (neural crest cells)

71
Q

What does the adrenal medulla contain?

A

Chromaffin cells - produce catecholamines

72
Q

Give examples of catecholamines:

A

Epinephrine (a.k.a. Adrenaline)

Norepinephrine (a.k.a. Noradrenaline)

Dopamine

73
Q

What does adrenal medulla have direct connection with?

A

Sympathetic nervous system - controls fight or flight

74
Q

What does the pancreas develop from?

A

As an out growth of gut tube

Closely associated with growth of gall bladder

75
Q

What must happen to ducts in pancreas?

A

Must join before emptying into duodenum

76
Q

What’s involved in the exocrine component of the pancreas?

A

Pancreatic acini produce pancreatic amylase

77
Q

What’s involved in the endocrine component of the pancreas?

A

Inlets of Langerhans produce horomones

Alpha cells - glucagon

Beta cells - insulin

Week 7 - 12 (38 decks)

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