The articles (les articles) Flashcards

1
Q
The Articles (les articles)
What are articles? How many kinds of articles are?
A

Articles precede nouns and indicate their gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural). Like possessive and demonstrative adjectives, articles belong to a group of words called determiners.

There are three kinds of articles:

  • the definite article (le, la, l’ , les)
  • the indefinite article (un, une, des)
  • partitive articles (du, de la, de l’ , des)
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2
Q
The Articles (les articles)
Carrots are vegetables.
A

Les carottes sont des légumes.

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3
Q
The Articles (les articles)
Children like animals.
A

Les enfants aiment les animaux.

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4
Q
The Articles (les articles)
Work removes three great evils from us: boredom, vice and need.
A

Le travail éloigne de nous trois grands maux: l’ennui, le vice et le besoin.

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5
Q
The Articles (les articles)
There is cocoa and sugar in chocolate.
A

Il y a du cacao et du sucre dans le chocolat.

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6
Q
The Articles (les articles)
List definite articles.
A

singular plural
masculine le les
feminine la les
masculine or feminine
before vowel or mute h l’ les
(no elision occurs before h aspiré)

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7
Q
The Articles (les articles)
the lobster
A

le homard

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8
Q
The Articles (les articles)
Holland
A

la Hollande

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9
Q
The Articles (les articles)
the hatred
A

la haine

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10
Q
The Articles (les articles)
the appetizer
A

le hors-d’oeuvre

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11
Q
The Articles (les articles)
Hungary
A

la Hongrie

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12
Q
The Articles (les articles)
the bean
A

le haricot

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13
Q
The Articles (les articles)
What is the difference between ''h muet'' and ''h aspiré''?
A

Both are silent in pronunciation, but ‘‘h muet’’ is treated like a vowel (elision and liaison occur), and ‘‘h aspiré’’ is treated like a consonant ( no elision and no liaison take place).

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14
Q
The Articles (les articles)
Must the definite article be repeated before each noun in a series?
A
Yes (unlike in English).
f.e. les fruits et les légumes
BUT
The article is not repeated in fixed expressions such as:
les frères et soeurs
les us et coutumes
les petites et moyennes entreprises
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15
Q
The Articles (les articles)
Which contractions occur when prepositions ''à'' or ''de'' precede the articles ''le'' or ''les''?
A

à + le = au
à + les = aux
de + le = du
de + les = des
These contractions also occur when ‘‘le’’ or ‘‘les’’ are part of a name or title, except with family names.
f.e. Il va au Havre et aux Sables d’Olonne.

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16
Q
The Articles (les articles)
He goes to the movies.
A

Il va au cinéma.

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17
Q
The Articles (les articles)
I live in the United States.
A

J’habite aux États-Unis

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18
Q
The Articles (les articles)
He speaks about the teacher.
A

Il parle du professeur.

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19
Q
The Articles (les articles)
She is afraid of dogs.
A

Elle a peur des chiens.

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20
Q
The Articles (les articles)
the 24 hour (race) of le Mans
A

les 24 heures du Mans

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21
Q
The Articles (les articles)
the author of ''Les Miserables''
A

l’auteur des Misérables

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22
Q
The Articles (les articles)
I am interested in Le Clézio.
A

Je m’intéresse à Le Clézio.

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23
Q
The Articles (les articles)
the gardens of Le Nôtre
A

les jardins de le Nôtre

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24
Q
The Articles (les articles)
the church of Le Corbusier
A

l’église de Le Corbusier

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25
``` The Articles (les articles) We are going home. ```
Nous allons à la maison.
26
``` The Articles (les articles) He is at the airport. ```
Il est à l'aéroport
27
``` The Articles (les articles) because of the strike ```
à cause de la grève
28
``` The Articles (les articles) He comes out of the hospital. ```
Il sort de l'hôpital.
29
``` The Articles (les articles) When is the definite article used? ```
1. before a specific person or thing f.e. Voilà l'argent que je vous dois. 2. Before nouns used in a general sense f.e. Le vin est bon pour la santé. 3. Before any noun (singular or plural) after verbs of liking and disliking (aimer, adorer, détester, préférer) f.e. Aimez-vous les escargots? 4. Before abstract nouns f.e. L'amour est aveugle. 5. Before names of seasons. f.e. l'été prochain 6. Before days of the week. f.e. En France, beaucoup de magasins sont fermés le lundi. When the weekday is accompanied by a date or is more closely defined. f.e. le jeudi cinq mars BUT If only one specific day is referred to, no article is used. f.e. Il arrive mardi. 7. Before dates and before some holidays. f.e. Nous sommes le premier mai. BUT no article is used before: Noël, Pâques 8. Before time expressions la semaine prochaine 9. Before the names of languages (in French, all languages are masculine and not capitalized) f.e. Le français est une langue utile. BUT If the name of the language immediately follows a form of the verb ''parler'', or the prepositions ''de'' or ''en'', no article is used. f.e. Je suis un cours de japonais. If however the name of the language does not immediately follow the verb ''parler'', the definite article is generally used. f.e. Mon père parle couramment le russe. 10. Before academic subjects. f.e. J'étudie l'histoire, les mathématiques et la chimie. BUT no article is used in: un cours d'histoire, un cours de mathématiques 11. Before colors used in an abstract sense. f.e. J'aime le violet. 12. Before parts of the body (instead of possessive adjective) when they are the object in the sentence and when there is no ambiguity as far as the possessor in concerned, or used adverbially expressing English. f.e. Elle s'est rasé les jambes. BUT The definite article sometimes replaces a possessive adjective in adverbial phrases with items of clothing. f.e. Ile est parti, le chapeau sur la tête. BUT If the item of clothing receives an action, the possessive adjective is used with items of clothing. f.e. Elle a mis son tailleur jaune. Except: Ils se sont serré la ceinture. The definite article also replaces the possessive adjective before the words ''mémoire, vie, esprit, vue, voix, santé, tête'' (used in a figurative sense) in a series of fixed expressions. f.e. Elle a retrouvé la mémoire. 13. Before names of streets, avenues, boulevards, public squares. f.e. Je cherche la rue de Vaugirard. BUT When English uses ''in'' or ''on'' before a treet name, i.e., when an address is given, French omits the article. f.e. Le restaurant Maxim's se trouve rue Royale. 14. Before units of weight, measurement and quantity when a price is quoted (English uses ''per'' or ''a'') f.e. Les truffes valent entre 500 et 600 euros le kilo. BUT English ''per (a, an)''+unit of time (indicating the frequency with which something occurs) is expressed by ''par''. f.e. Il gagne 3000 euros par mois. 15. To form superlative. f.e. Le Pont-Neuf est le plus vieux pont de Paris. 16. Before a title, rank or profession when a proper noun, i.e., the name of the person follows. f.e. Le docteur Bernard est gentil. BUT The article is omitted: - before titles when the person is addressed directly (with or without a following proper noun) f.e. Bonjour, professeur (Duvalier) - before ''Monsieur, Madame, Mademoiselle, Monseigneur and Maître followed by a proper noun. f.e. Où habite Monsieur Duval? 17. In Formal direct address the definite article is used between ''Monsieur (Madame, Mademoiselle) and a following title, rank or profession. f.e. Bonjour, Monsieur le professeur. 18. Before cardinal points. f.e. l'est 19. Before infinitives used as nouns. f.e. Le boire et le manger sont excellents en France. 20. With cities. - when the article is an integral part of the city f.e. le Havre - when the city name is modified f.e. le Paris du Moyen Age 21. Before names of people and geographical names f.e. Les Québécois sont sympathiques. BUT The article before geographical names is omitted: -with Israël, Haïti, Monaco, Andorre and some islands (Bornéo, Madagascar, Cuba, Malte, Chypre, Thaiti, etc.) -after ''de'' or ''en'' when these prepositions precede a feminine country (region, province, etc.) which is not modified by an adjective, or a masculine singular country beginning with a vowel. f.e. Il vient de France. However, with masculine singular countries not beginning with a vowel, and with masculine plural countries, the definite article ''le'' is always retained after ''à'', ''dans'', and ''de''. f.e. Nous allons au Brésil. 22. The dfinite article is also used in many common expressions and proverbs. f.e. regarder la télé.
30
``` The Articles (les articles) Pass me the bread please. ```
Passe-moi le pain, s'il te plaît.
31
``` The Articles (les articles) Do you know the owner of the house? ```
Connais-tu le propriètaire de la maison?
32
``` The Articles (les articles) It's the teacher's calculator. ```
C'est la calculatrice de professeur.
33
``` The Articles (les articles) Times change, people remain. ```
Les temps changent, les hommes restent.
34
``` The Articles (les articles) Women like jewelry. ```
Les femmes aiment les bijoux.
35
``` The Articles (les articles) I hate cats. ```
Je déteste les chats.
36
``` The Articles (les articles) She doesn't like peanut butter. ```
Elle n'aime pas le beurre de cacahuètes.
37
``` The Articles (les articles) He prefers wine to beer. ```
Il préfère le vin à la bière.
38
``` The Articles (les articles) Faith can move mountains. ```
La foi peut déplacer des montagnes.
39
``` The Articles (les articles) Life is beautiful. ```
La vie est belle.
40
``` The Articles (les articles) Spring is my favorite season. ```
Le printemps est ma saison préférée.
41
``` The Articles (les articles) at the beginning of fall ```
au début de l'automne
42
``` The Articles (les articles) I like winter. ```
J'aime l'hiver.
43
``` The Articles (les articles) in winter, in summer, in fall ```
en hiver, en été, en automne
44
``` The Articles (les articles) We don't have class on Friday. ```
Nous n'avons pas cours vendredi.
45
``` The Articles (les articles) Tuesday of next week ```
le mardi de la semaine prochaine
46
``` The Articles (les articles) the Saturday before his departure ```
le samedi avant son départ
47
``` The Articles (les articles) Ash Wednesday ```
le Mercredi des Cendres
48
``` The Articles (les articles) Easter Monday ```
le lundi de Pâques
49
``` The Articles (les articles) Good Friday ```
le Vendredi Saint
50
``` The Articles (les articles) He will leave on January 15th. ```
Il partira le 15 janvier.
51
``` The Articles (les articles) from June 27th to July 3rd ```
du 27 juin au trois juillet
52
``` The Articles (les articles) Valentine's Day ```
la Saint-Valentin
53
``` The Articles (les articles) All Saint's Day ```
la Toussaint
54
``` The Articles (les articles) New Year's Eve ```
la Saint-Sylvestre
55
``` The Articles (les articles) Epiphany ```
la Fête de Rois
56
``` The Articles (les articles) Mother's Day ```
la Fête des Mères
57
``` The Articles (les articles) Father's Day ```
la Fête des Pères
58
``` The Articles (les articles) Basille Day ```
la Fête nationale
59
``` The Articles (les articles) Passover ```
la Pâque juive
60
``` The Articles (les articles) on the weekend ```
le week-end
61
``` The Articles (les articles) One sleeps during the night. ```
La nuit on dort.
62
``` The Articles (les articles) I had a bad dream last night. ```
J'ai fait un mauvais rêve la nuit dernière.
63
``` The Articles (les articles) at two am ```
à deux heures du matin
64
``` The Articles (les articles) at one pm ```
à une heure de l'après-midi
65
``` The Articles (les articles) next (last) time ```
la prochaine (dernière) fois
66
``` The Articles (les articles) every other day ```
tous les deux jours
67
``` The Articles (les articles) every other week ```
toutes les deux semaines
68
``` The Articles (les articles) all day long ```
toute la journée
69
``` The Articles (les articles) every year ```
tous les ans
70
``` The Articles (les articles) every Sunday ```
tous les dimanches
71
``` The Articles (les articles) In the morning I work. ```
Le matin je travaille.
72
``` The Articles (les articles) In the afternoon I take a nap. ```
L'après-midi je fais la sieste.
73
``` The Articles (les articles) in the evening (=at night) we go out. ```
Le soir nous sortons.
74
``` The Articles (les articles) I study English and Spanish. ```
J'étudie l'anglais et l'espagnol.
75
``` The Articles (les articles) We learn Chinese. ```
Nous apprenons le chinois.
76
``` The Articles (les articles) He knows Portuguese and he understands Arabic. ```
Il connaît le portugais et il comprend l'arabe.
77
``` The Articles (les articles) He translates this text into Italian. ```
Il traduit ce texte en italien.
78
``` The Articles (les articles) She speaks French and English. ```
Elle parle français et anglais.
79
``` The Articles (les articles) My father speaks Russian fluently. ```
Mon père parle couramment le ruse.
80
``` The Articles (les articles) She speaks Japanese very well. ```
Elle parle très bien le japonais.
81
``` The Articles (les articles) Red looks good on you. ```
Le rouge vous va bien.
82
``` The Articles (les articles) I broke my arm. ```
Je me suis cassé le bras.
83
``` The Articles (les articles) His eyes are green. ```
Il a les yeux verts.
84
``` The Articles (les articles) He came home with empty hands (empty-handed). ```
Il est rentré les mains vides.
85
``` The Articles (les articles) Don't speak with a full mouth. ```
Ne parlez pas la bouche pleine.
86
``` The Articles (les articles) He left his gloves on the table. ```
Il a laissé ses gants sur la table.
87
``` The Articles (les articles) She got her memory back. ```
Elle a retrouvé la mémoire.
88
``` The Articles (les articles) He saved our lives. ```
Il nous a sauvé la vie.
89
``` The Articles (les articles) They lost their lives in an accident. ```
Ils ont trouvé la mort dans un accident.
90
``` The Articles (les articles) That would not have come to my mind. ```
Ça ne me serait pas venu à l'esprit.
91
``` The Articles (les articles) He lost his eyesight at the age of eighty. ```
Il a perdu la vue à l'âge de quatre-vingts ans.
92
``` The Articles (les articles) He recovered. ```
Il a recouvré la santé.
93
``` The Articles (les articles) They lost their minds. ```
Ils ont perdu la tête.
94
``` The Articles (les articles) Champs-Elysees Avenue is 70 metres wide. ```
L'avenue des Champs-Elysées est large de 70 mètres.
95
``` The Articles (les articles) Saint-Michel Boulevard crosses the Latin Quarter. ```
Le boulevard Saint-Michel traverse le Quartier Latin.
96
``` The Articles (les articles) Concord Square is in Paris. ```
La place de la Concorde est à Paris.
97
``` The Articles (les articles) He lives on Cambronne Street. ```
Il habite rue Cambronne. (or: dans la rue Cambronne)
98
``` The Articles (les articles) Gasoline costs 1.50 euro a liter. ```
L'essence coûte 1.50 euros le litre.
99
``` The Articles (les articles) The pizza costs 1.70 euro a piece. ```
La pizza coûte 1.70 euro la part.
100
``` The Articles (les articles) Asparagus is two euros per 100 grammes. ```
Les asperges sont à deux euros les cent grammes.
101
``` The Articles (les articles) twice a day (a week, a year, an hour) ```
deux fois par jour (par semaine, par an, par heure)
102
``` The Articles (les articles) In France, the speed limit is 130 km per hour. ```
En France, la vitesse est limitée à 130 km à l'heure.
103
``` The Articles (les articles) He makes ten dollars per hour. ```
Il gagne dix dollars de l'heure.
104
``` The Articles (les articles) I give private lessons for 20 euros an hour. ```
Je donne des leçons particulières à 20 euros de l'heure.
105
``` The Articles (les articles) What is the most beautiful avenue in the world? ```
Quelle est la plus belle avenue du monde?
106
``` The Articles (les articles) These are the least expensive items. ```
Ce sont les articles les moins chers.
107
``` The Articles (les articles) Do you know Professor Leblanc? ```
Connaissez-vous le professeur Leblanc?
108
``` The Articles (les articles) Emperor Napoleon died in 1821. ```
L'empereur Napoléon est mort en 1821.
109
``` The Articles (les articles) Queen Elizabeth lives in England. ```
La reine Élizabeth habite en Angleterre.
110
``` The Articles (les articles) Good bye, Doctor (Lebrun) ```
Au revoir, docteur (Lebrun).
111
``` The Articles (les articles) How are you, general (Desjardins)? ```
Comment allez-vous, général (Desjardins)?
112
``` The Articles (les articles) I don't know Mrs. Bizard. ```
Je ne connais pas Madame Bizard.
113
``` The Articles (les articles) Attorney Langlois defended the criminal. ```
Maître Langlois a défendu le criminel.
114
``` The Articles (les articles) Thank you Mr. President. ```
Merci, Monsieur le président.
115
``` The Articles (les articles) Good evening director Y. ```
Bonsoir, Madame la directrice.
116
``` The Articles (les articles) Yes, officer. ```
Oui, Monsieur l'agent.
117
``` The Articles (les articles) the east, the west, the north, the south ```
l'est, l'ouest, le nord, le sud
118
``` The Articles (les articles) North (South) America ```
l'Amérique du Nord (du Sud)
119
``` The Articles (les articles) Eastern (Western) Europe ```
l'Europe de l'Est (de l'Ouest)
120
``` The Articles (les articles) the East (West) cost ```
la côte est (ouest)
121
``` The Articles (les articles) Dinner is ready. ```
Le dîner est servi.
122
``` The Articles (les articles) during breakfest and after lunch ```
pendant le petit déjeuner at après le déjeuner
123
``` The Articles (les articles) Laughter is good for one's health. ```
Le rire est bon pour la santé.
124
``` The Articles (les articles) He lives in Cairo. ```
Il habite au Caire.
125
``` The Articles (les articles) He comes from Le Havre. ```
Il vient du Havre.
126
``` The Articles (les articles) medieval Paris ```
le Paris du Moyen Age
127
``` The Articles (les articles) ancient Rome ```
la Rome de l'Antiquité
128
``` The Articles (les articles) One calls Paris the city of lights. ```
On appelle Paris la Ville Lumière.
129
``` The Articles (les articles) Lyon is France's second largest city. ```
Lyon est la deuxième ville de la France.
130
``` The Articles (les articles) France has the shape of a hexagone. ```
La France a la forme d'un hexagone.
131
``` The Articles (les articles) Portugal is a small country. ```
Le Portugal est un petit pays.
132
``` The Articles (les articles) Asia is bigger than Europe. ```
L'Asie est plus grande que l'Europe.
133
``` The Articles (les articles) You absolutely have to visit Normandy. ```
Il faut absolumentque vous visitiez la Normandie.
134
``` The Articles (les articles) Do you know Texas and Florida? ```
Connaissez-vous le Texas et la Floride?
135
``` The Articles (les articles) British Columbia is in Canada. ```
La Colombie britanique est au Canada.
136
``` The Articles (les articles) We visited Reunion Island and Sardinia. ```
Nous avons visité la Réunion et la Sardaigne.
137
``` The Articles (les articles) The Loire and the Rhône are rivers. ```
La Loire et le Rhône sont des fleuves.
138
``` The Articles (les articles) Monaco is a principality. ```
Monaco est une principauté.
139
``` The Articles (les articles) I know well Israel. ```
Je connais bien Israël.
140
``` The Articles (les articles) They go to Iran. ```
Ils vont en Iran.
141
``` The Articles (les articles) I live in Colorado. ```
J'habite dans le Colorado.
142
``` The Articles (les articles) He comes from the United States. ```
Il vient des Êtats-Unis.
143
``` The Articles (les articles) She is originally from Japan. ```
Elle est originaire du Japon.
144
``` The Articles (les articles) to cook ```
faire la cuisine
145
``` The Articles (les articles) to make love ```
faire l'amour
146
``` The Articles (les articles) to go shopping ```
faire les courses
147
``` The Articles (les articles) (not) to have time (to do sth) ```
(ne pas) avoir le temps (de+inf.)
148
``` The Articles (les articles) (not) to have a choice ```
(ne pas) avoir le choix
149
``` The Articles (les articles) to be on time ```
être à l'heure
150
``` The Articles (les articles) to cost an arm and a leg ```
coûter les yeux de la tête
151
``` The Articles (les articles) See you next time! ```
À la prochaine!
152
``` The Articles (les articles) Help! ```
Au secours!
153
``` The Articles (les articles) Open the book on page 10. ```
Ouvrez le livre à la page 10.
154
``` The Articles (les articles) both ```
tous (toutes) les deux
155
``` The Articles (les articles) at (in/to) school / in (to) church ```
à l'école / à l'église
156
``` The Articles (les articles) (at) home ```
à la maison
157
``` The Articles (les articles) It's dinner (lunch) time. ```
C'est l'heure du dîner (déjeuner).
158
``` The Articles (les articles) I didn't sleep a wink all night. ```
Je n'ai pas fermé l'oeil de la nuit.
159
``` The Articles (les articles) Every cloud has a silver lining. ```
Après la pluie le beau temps.
160
``` The Articles (les articles) Money can't buy happiness. ```
L'argent ne fait pas le bonheur.
161
``` The Articles (les articles) In unity there is strength. ```
L'union fait la force.
162
``` The Articles (les articles) Words are silver but silence is golden. ```
La parole est d'argent mais le silence est d'or.
163
``` The Articles (les articles) Ir's the calm before the storm. ```
C'est le calme avant la tempête.
164
``` The Articles (les articles) Clothes don't make the man. ```
L'habit ne fait pas le moine.
165
``` The Articles (les articles) Appearances are deceiving. ```
Les apparences sont trompeuses.
166
``` The Articles (les articles) When is the definite article omitted in French? ```
1. Contrary to English, the definite article is not used in French before numbers used with rulers (kings, emperors) f. e. François Ier (Premier) 2. The definite article is also omitted in certain expressions and after the preposition ''en''. f. e. par terre - on the ground
167
``` The Articles (les articles) on the ground ```
par terre
168
``` The Articles (les articles) day and night ```
nuit et jour
169
``` The Articles (les articles) during the week ```
en semaine
170
``` The Articles (les articles) in te presence of ```
en présence
171
``` The Articles (les articles) Which are the forms of indefinite article? ```
singular plural masculine un des feminine une des
172
``` The Articles (les articles) When is the indefinite article used? ```
1. In the singular, the indefinite article expresses English ''a'' or ''an''. f.e. Est-ce qu'il y a une boulangerie près d'ici? 2. In plural, the indefinite article is used to indicate an undetermined quantity of countable nouns, expressing ''some'' (in a positive sentence), ''any'' (in an interrogative or negative sentence), or having no equivalent in English at all. f.e. J'achète des bonbons. 3. Whereas in English, a plural noun can be used without an article, the indefinite article ''des'' cannot be omitted in French. f.e. Il y a des araignées dans le granier. 4. The indefinite article must be repeated before each noun in a series. Apportez une bouteille et un verre. 5. ''un'' et ''une'' are also used to express the number one. f.e. J'ai acheté un croissant et une baguette. 6. One uses ''de (d')'' instead of ''un, une, des'' after a negative expression f.e. Il a un frère - Il n'a pas de frère. BUT After the verb ''être'', ''un, une, des'' remain unchanged if used afer a negation. f.e. Ce n'est pas un problème! 7. ''des'' becomes ''de (d')'' before a plural noun that is preceded by an adjective. des fleurs - de belles fleurs When the adjective follows the noun, or when the adjective has become a unit with the noun, i.e., when both the adjective and the noun are treated like a single word, ''des'' is used. f.e. des fleurs blanches
173
``` The Articles (les articles) He came back an hour ago. ```
Il est revenu il y a une heure.
174
``` The Articles (les articles) We are going to have a drink. ```
On va prendre un verre.
175
``` The Articles (les articles) I buy some candy. ```
J'achète des bonbons.
176
``` The Articles (les articles) Do you have any brothers and sisters? ```
Avez-vous des frères et soeurs?
177
``` The Articles (les articles) We eat fruit. ```
Nous mangeons des fruits.
178
``` The Articles (les articles) She has dogs and cats. ```
Elle a des chiens et des chats.
179
``` The Articles (les articles) I no longer have a car. ```
Je n'ai pas de voiture.
180
``` The Articles (les articles) We buy matches. ```
Nous achetons des allumetets.
181
``` The Articles (les articles) We never buy any matches. ```
Nous n'achetons jamais d'allumettes.
182
``` The Articles (les articles) That's no excuse. ```
Ce n'est pas une raison.
183
``` The Articles (les articles) These are not napkins. ```
Ce ne sont pas des serviettes.
184
``` The Articles (les articles) ideas - good ideas ```
des idées - de bonnes idées
185
``` The Articles (les articles) cookies ```
des gâteaux secs
186
``` The Articles (les articles) rolls ```
des petits pains
187
``` The Articles (les articles) peas ```
des petits pois
188
``` The Articles (les articles) interesting ideas ```
des idées intéressantes
189
``` The Articles (les articles) young men, young people ```
des jeunes gens
190
``` The Articles (les articles) department stores ```
des grands magasins
191
``` The Articles (les articles) swear words ```
des gros mots
192
``` The Articles (les articles) What is the plural form ''un(e) autre''? ```
Always d'autres. When ''des'' is used before ''autres'' it is always contracted form of de+les f.e. Il se intéresse à la vie d'autres.
193
``` The Articles (les articles) other news ```
d'autres nouvelles
194
``` The Articles (les articles) other children ```
d'autres enfants
195
``` The Articles (les articles) One swallow doesn't make a summer. ```
Une hirondelle ne fait pas le printemps.
196
``` The Articles (les articles) when it rains, it pours. ```
Un malheur n'arrive jamais seul.
197
``` The Articles (les articles) Let's call a spade a spade. ```
Appelons un chat un chat.
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``` The Articles (les articles) A penny saved is a penny earned. ```
Un sou épargné est un sou gagné.
199
``` The Articles (les articles) Ther is a plenty of fish in the sea. ```
Un de perdu, dix de retrouvés
200
``` The Articles (les articles) When is the indefinite article omitted? ```
1. Before an unmodified noun indicating a nationality, profession or religion (after ''être'' and ''devenir''). f.e. Il est français. - In the third person singular and plural, ''c'est (ce sont)'' + indefinite article can be used instead of ''il est/elle est (ils sont/elles sont)'' before unmodified nouns indicating nationality, profession or religion. f.e. C'est un Français. - If the noun indicating nationality, profession or religion is modified by an adjective or by a relative clause, ''c'est (ce sont) + indefinite article'' must be used. f.e. C'est un professeur exigeant. BUT If the modifying adjectives are ''bon'' or ''mauvais'', there are two possibilities, either ''il est / elle est + adjective + noun'' or ''c'est un(e) + adjective + noun''. f.e. Elle est bonne cuisinière. OR C'est une bonne cuisinière. 2. After ''quel(le)(e)'' when used as an exclamation. f.e. Quel dommage! 3. After ''ni...ni'' f.e. Elle n'achète ni robe ni jupe. 4. After the preposition ''avec'' when it has the meaning of ''qui a'' (which has) f.e. une chambre avec douche et vue sur la mer 5. After ''comme'' (as a) and after ''en tant que'' (as a, in the capacity of). Also after ''comme'' in questions to express ''what kind of''. f.e. J'ai travaillé comme vendeuse pendant trois ans. Qu'est-ce que tu as comme voiture? BUT If ''comme'' means ''like'', the indefinite article is used. f.e. Je me suis conduit comme un imbécile. (I behaved like an idiot.) 6. Before nouns in apposition, i.e., nouns that explain the noun preceding them. f.e. Jeanne d'Arc est née à Domrémy, petit village de Loraine. 7. In rapid enumerations of nouns. f.e. Il est interdit d'arroser fleurs, arbres et potagers. 8. After the preposition ''sans''. f.e. On ne peut pas acheter ce médicament sans ordonnance. 9. In some expressions and sayings.
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``` The Articles (les articles) She is a housewife. ```
Elle est femme au foyer.
202
``` The Articles (les articles) I am a student. ```
Je suis étudiant.
203
``` The Articles (les articles) He became a doctor. ```
Il est devenu médecin.
204
``` The Articles (les articles) Are you a Catholic? ```
Es-tu catholique?
205
``` The Articles (les articles) She is a lwayer. ```
C'est une avocate.
206
``` The Articles (les articles) They are Catholics. ```
Ce sont des catholiques.
207
``` The Articles (les articles) She is an excellent lawyer. ```
C'est une excellente avocate.
208
``` The Articles (les articles) She is an actress whom everyone knows. ```
C'est une comédienne que tout le monde connaît.
209
``` The Articles (les articles) What a coincidence! ```
Quelle coïncidence!
210
``` The Articles (les articles) He is awful as a teacher. ```
Il est nul comme professeur.
211
``` The Articles (les articles) What would you like as a dessert? ```
Que veux-tu comme dessert?
212
``` The Articles (les articles) As a doctor, I advise you to stop smoking. ```
En tant que médecin, je vous conseille de cesser de fumer.
213
``` The Articles (les articles) What kind of appetizers do you have? ```
Qu'est-ce que vous avez comme hors-d'oeuvre?
214
``` The Articles (les articles) to have (make) an appointment at ```
avoir (prendre) rendez-vous chez
215
``` The Articles (les articles) I must make an appointment at the dentist's. ```
Je dois prendre rendez-vous chez le dentiste.
216
``` The Articles (les articles) to have a meeting with sb ```
avoir rendez-vous avec qqn
217
``` The Articles (les articles) I have a meeting with my colleagues. ```
J'ai rendez-vous avec mes collègues.
218
``` The Articles (les articles) That is a good (bad) sign. ```
C'est bon (mauvais) signe.
219
``` The Articles (les articles) When I was a child (a teenager, etc.) ```
Quand j'étais enfant (adolescent, etc.)
220
``` The Articles (les articles) to take a seat ```
prendre place
221
``` The Articles (les articles) to catch a cold ```
attraper froid
222
``` The Articles (les articles) in a low voice ```
à voix basse
223
``` The Articles (les articles) in a loud voice ```
à haute voix
224
``` The Articles (les articles) A promise is a promise. ```
Chose promise, chose due.
225
``` The Articles (les articles) What the partitive article consists of and what are its forms? ```
The partitive article consists of the preposition de and the definite article. singular plural masculine du des feminine de la des before vowel or mute h de l' des
226
``` The Articles (les articles) Why is the partitive article called ''partitive''? ```
It is called partitive because it indicates a part of an existing quantity of something.
227
``` The Articles (les articles) What does mean the partitive article in English? ```
- can mean ''some'' or ''any'' f. e. je vais chercher de l'eau. - may not have an equivalent at all f. e. J'ai de la famille en France.
228
``` The Articles (les articles) Would you like some wine? ```
Voudriez-vous du vin?
229
``` The Articles (les articles) Is there any spinach left? ```
Est-ce qu'il reste des épinards?
230
``` The Articles (les articles) They are selling (narcotic) drugs. ```
Ils vendent de la drogue.
231
``` The Articles (les articles) I have nothing else to promise you but sweat, blood and tears. ```
Je n'ai rien d'autre à vous promettre que de la sueur, du sang et des larmes.
232
``` The Articles (les articles) What are the uses of the partitive article? ```
1. In the singular, the partitive article is used to indicate an undetermined quantity of uncountable (concrete or abstract) nouns (things only), such as butter, ice cream, jam, money, salt, love, courage, etc. They generally do not have a plural form. Countable nouns such as 'apple, orange, sandwich, etc. cannot be used with the partitive article. f.e. Je vais acheter du pain, du fromage, de la viande, de la glace et de l'eau minérale. 2. In the plural the partitive article is identified in its form and meaning with the indefinite article. But whereas the indefinite article ''des'' indicates an undetermined quantity of countable nouns (des enfants, des oranges, des livres, etc.), the partitive article ''des'' indicates an undetermined quantity of nouns that cannot be counted. Since there are few uncountable nouns in the plural, the partitive article ''des'' is rarely used. f.e. Il vous faut des vacances. 3. Some uncountable nouns reffering to food items (such as beer, coffe, tea, juice, water, bread, cheese, etc.) can be used as countable nouns, i.e., nouns that can be preceded by ''un, une'' or another number. - in certain contexts (in restaurant orders for example) where a specific quantity is indicating f.e. Je bois du café. vs Mademoiselle, deux cafés s'il vous plaît. - in general statements that describe the food item with an adjective En France, on mange du fromage avant le dessert. vs Le camembert est un fromage délicieux. If an adjective modifies a noun, the partitive article is replaced by the indefinite article also with things other than food. f.e. Il a eu de la chance. vs Il a eu une chance incroyable. 4. Some countable nouns referring to food items (such as cake, chicken, lemon, fish, etc.) can be used as uncountable nouns. - in certain contexts where an undetermined quantity is indicated f.e. Maman a fait un gâteau au chocolat. (precise quantity) Je vais prendre du gâteau au chocolat. (undetermined quantity) - when the meat of an animal is reffered to rather than the animal itself f.e. Il a acheté un poulet. (animal) Elle mange du cheval. (meat of the animal) 5. The partitative article cannot be used after verbs of liking and disliking such as ''aimer, adorer, préférer, détester''. The definite article is used instead. f.e. Il déteste les épinards.
233
``` The Articles (les articles) Can the partitive article be omitted? ```
The Franch partitive article must always be used.
234
``` The Articles (les articles) Must the partitive article be repeated before each noun in a series? ```
Yes. | f.e. Elle achète du porc at du veau.
235
``` The Articles (les articles) How to express that one studies a particular subject, plays musical instrument, or practices a sport? ```
faire + partitive article + name of the subject, instrument or sport. f.e. Il fait du violon, de la guitare et du golf.
236
``` The Articles (les articles) What are the rules of use of the partitive article in a negative sentence? ```
1. In a negative sentence, the partitive article (like the indefinite article) is replaced by ''de'', except after ''être'' and when the negation is limited, i.e., whent the following noun is modified by an adjective. f.e. Il a de la chance. vs Il n'a pas de chance. Ce n'est pas de lait, c'est de la crème. 2. As ''ne...que'' is not a negative expression, the partitive and indefinite articles do not become ''de'' when used with this expression. f.e. Je n'ai acheté que des chaussettes. 3. When ''du, de la, de l', des'' are not partitive articles but a contracted form of ''de + definite article'', they are not reduced to ''de'' in a negative sentence. f.e. Je ne joue plus du piano.
237
``` The Articles (les articles) Do you eat spinach? ```
Manges-tu des épinards?
238
``` The Articles (les articles) I would like asparagus. ```
Je voudrais des asperges.
239
``` The Articles (les articles) She ordered pasta. ```
Elle a commandé des pâtes.
240
``` The Articles (les articles) We are going to meet people from many countries. ```
Nous allons rencontrer des gens de beaucoup de pays.
241
``` The Articles (les articles) I am going to have spaghetti. ```
Je vais prendre des spaghetti.
242
``` The Articles (les articles) This semester, she studies mathematics and political science. ```
Ce semestre, elle fait des mathématiques et des sciences politiques.
243
``` The Articles (les articles) He eats (some) soup and fish ```
Il mange de la soupe et du poisson.
244
``` The Articles (les articles) I would like two lemons. ```
Je voudrais deux citrons.
245
``` The Articles (les articles) Do you put lemon in your tea? ```
Mettez-vous du citron dans votre thé.
246
``` The Articles (les articles) These are neither carnations, nor poppies. ```
Ce ne sont ni des oeillets, ni des coquelicots.
247
``` The Articles (les articles) She never eats cooked carrots, she only eats raw carrots. ```
Elle ne mange jamais des carottes cuites, elle ne mange que des carottes crues.
248
``` The Articles (les articles) He is not afraid of death. ```
Il n'a pas peur de la mort.
249
``` The Articles (les articles) Do you prefer beef or veal? ```
Préférez-vous le boeuf ou le veau?
250
``` The Articles (les articles) I don't like meat. ```
Je n'aime pas la viande.
251
``` The Articles (les articles) Does the definite article (le, la, l', les) change to ''de'' in the negative sentence? (like the indefinite and partitive articles) ```
No.
252
``` The Articles (les articles) I play tennis. ```
Je fais du tennis. = Je joue au tennis.
253
``` The Articles (les articles) She plays the piano. ```
Elle fait du piano. = Elle joue du piano.
254
``` The Articles (les articles) They study French. ```
Ils font du français. = Ils étudient le français.
255
``` The Articles (les articles) When ''de'' is used, instead of the partitive article? ```
1. After ''sans + ininfinitive'' f.e. entrez sans faire de bruit. 2. After following adverbs and expressions of quantity: assez (enough) - assez de temps, assez de devoirs autant (as much, as many) - autant de café, autant de fautes beaucoup - beaucoup de patience, beaucoup de vêtements trop (too much, too many) - trop de travail combien (how much, how many) - combien de confiture? pas mal (quite a bit, quite a few) - pas mal d'argent (un) peu (a little, few) - (un) peu de bonheur, peu de gens un peu can only be combined with a singular noun. peu can be combined with singular or plural form. tant (so much, so many) - tant d'imagination, tant d'enfants moins (less, fewer) - moins de courage plus (more) - plus de chocolat 3. After nouns that indicate a precise quantity. f.e. une assiette de chacuterie BUT If a modified noun follows, de + definite article is used after the nouns which indicate a precise quantity. f.e. Il a bu une tasse du café qu'il a acheté au Brésil. 4. After certain verbs o verbal expressions when the following noun represents an undetermined quantity avoir besoin de - Je'ai besoin de vacances. avoir envie de - Elle a envie de bonbons. se passer de (to do without) - Je ne peux pas me passer de café. se servir (to use) - Je me sers de chocolat pour faire ce gâteau. manquer de - Il manque d'assurance. BUT De+indefinite article is used after the above expressions when a singular countable noun follows. J'ai besoin d'un conseil. De+definite article is used after the above expressions when a specific item is reffered to. J'ai besoin de la voiture. 5. If an adjective precedes a plural noun f.e. Je vous souhaite de bonnes vacances. BUT If the adjective precedes a singular noun, the full partitive article is used. f.e. avoir du bon sense (to have common sense) 6. ''De'' without an article is also used between two nouns which are a unit. f.e. la beurre de cacahuètes BUT l'emploi du temps 7. After certain adjectives and past participles used as adjectives. bordé de (bordered with) - La Loire est bordée de châteaux. couvert de (covered with) - Le plancher est couvert de poussière. plein de (full of) - Il a les yeux pleins de larmes. rempli de (filled with) - La verre est rempli de champagne. BUT If a noun followin one of the above expression is specified, de+definite article must be used. f.e. La verre est rempli du jus de pommes que nous avons acheté hier.
256
``` The Articles (les articles) How one expresses how much one likes or dilikes something? ```
The definite article (le, la, l', les), and not ''de'' is used after beaucoup before the noun. f.e. J'aime beaucoup de légumes. (I like a lot of vegetables) J'aime beaucoup les légumes. (I like vegetables a lot)
257
``` The Articles (les articles) Which are the expressions of quantity that are followed by ''de + definite article''? ```
bien (much, many, a lot of) Elle a bien de la chance. encore (some more) encore de la glace la moitié (half) la moitié de la tarte ``` la plupart (most) La plupart des éleves son ici. ''La plupart'' is always used before a plural noun (except la plupart du temps) and the verb is in the plural. ```
258
``` The Articles (les articles) Which are the expressions of quantity that immediately followed by the plural noun (neither ''de'' nor ''des'' are used)? ```
plusieurs (several) quelques (some, a few) plusieurs événements quelques idées
259
``` The Articles (les articles) Many people know him. ```
Bien des gens le connaissent.
260
``` The Articles (les articles) some more champagne ```
encore champagne
261
``` The Articles (les articles) some more strawberries ```
encore des fraises
262
``` The Articles (les articles) half of the participants ```
la moitié des participants
263
``` The Articles (les articles) Most French take their vacation in July and August. ```
La plupart des Français prennent leurs vacances en juillet et en août.
264
``` The Articles (les articles) a plate of cold cuts ```
une assiette de charcuterie
265
``` The Articles (les articles) a box of chocolates ```
a bowl of coffee with milk
266
``` The Articles (les articles) a bottle of juice ```
une bouteille de jus
267
``` The Articles (les articles) a bouquet of flowers ```
un bouquet de fleurs
268
``` The Articles (les articles) a basket of fruits ```
une corbeille de fruits
269
``` The Articles (les articles) a dozen eggs ```
une douzaine d'oeufs
270
``` The Articles (les articles) a kilo of apples ```
un kilo de pommes
271
``` The Articles (les articles) a liter of milk ```
un litre de lait
272
``` The Articles (les articles) a pound of butter ```
une livre de beurre
273
``` The Articles (les articles) a piece of cheese ```
un morceau de fromage
274
``` The Articles (les articles) a package of cigarettes ```
un paquet de cigarettes
275
``` The Articles (les articles) a cup of tea ```
une tasse de thé
276
``` The Articles (les articles) a slice of ham ```
une tranche de jambon
277
``` The Articles (les articles) a glass of brandy ```
un verre de cognac
278
``` The Articles (les articles) i would like a glass of the best wine you have. ```
Je voudrais un verre du meilleur vin que vous avez.
279
``` The Articles (les articles) He needs a car. ```
Il a besoin d'une voiture.
280
``` The Articles (les articles) I use a computer. ```
Je me sers d'un ordinateurs.
281
``` The Articles (les articles) I need the money I loaned to you. ```
J'ai besoin de l'argent que je vous ai prêté.
282
``` The Articles (les articles) He lacks the self-confidence necessary to succeed. ```
Il manque de l'assurance nécessaire pour réussir.
283
``` The Articles (les articles) I cannot do without the dictionary you gave to me. ```
Je ne peux pas me passer du dictionnaire que tu m'as offert.
284
``` The Articles (les articles) Can I use the calculator that is on the desk? ```
Puis-je me servir de la calculatrice qui est sur le bureau?
285
``` The Articles (les articles) the cleaning woman, the maid ```
la femme de ménage
286
``` The Articles (les articles) the grapefruit (pineapple) juice ```
le jus de pamplemousse (d'ananas)
287
``` The Articles (les articles) the cookbook ```
le livre de cuisine
288
``` The Articles (les articles) the driver's license ```
le permis de conduire
289
``` The Articles (les articles) the bathroom ```
la salle de bains
290
``` The Articles (les articles) the bulletin board ```
le tableau d'affichage
291
``` The Articles (les articles) the spring / fall break ```
les vacances de printemps / d'automne
292
``` The Articles (les articles) the rental car ```
la voiture de location
293
``` The Articles (les articles) the emergency exit ```
la sortie de secours
294
``` The Articles (les articles) the evening course, night class ```
le cours du soir
295
``` The Articles (les articles) the hijacker ```
le pirate de l'air
296
``` The Articles (les articles) the sense of humor ```
le sens del'humour
297
``` The Articles (les articles) When is the partitive article omitted? ```
1. After ''ni...ni'' f.e. Il ne boit ni eau ni vin 2. After certain prepositions: - sans - sans arrêt - en - être en vacances - par - par coeur - avec (when an abstract noun follows) f.e. Je le fais avec plaisir. BUT When a concrete noun follows ''avec'', the partitive article is generally used. f.e. Il boit son café avec du sucre. When the abstract noun following ''avec'' is modified, one uses the indefinite article. f.e. avec une patience incroyable - avec (when ''avec'' has the meaning of ''qui a'' (which has) f.e. un appartement avec eau courante et électricité. 3. In expressions and proverbs. f.e. perdre espoir
298
``` The Articles (les articles) without (any) difficulty ```
sans difficulté
299
``` The Articles (les articles) without any doubt ```
sans doute
300
``` The Articles (les articles) a meal without meat ```
un repas sans viande
301
``` The Articles (les articles) a night without sleep ```
une nuit sans sommeil
302
``` The Articles (les articles) That is not important ```
C'est sans importance.
303
``` The Articles (les articles) That is safe. ```
C'est sans danger.
304
``` The Articles (les articles) It's hopeless. ```
C'est sans espoir.
305
``` The Articles (les articles) He waits with patience.(patiently) ```
Il attend avec patience.
306
``` The Articles (les articles) I listen with enthusiasm. (enthusiastically) ```
J'écoute avec enthousiasme.
307
``` The Articles (les articles) to look forward to sth ```
attendre qqch avec impatience
308
``` The Articles (les articles) I am looking forward to my vacation. ```
J'attends mes vacances avec impatience.
309
``` The Articles (les articles) to be furious ```
être en colère
310
``` The Articles (les articles) out of gold and silver ```
en or et en argent
311
``` The Articles (les articles) by heart ```
par coeur
312
``` The Articles (les articles) by mistake ```
par erreur
313
``` The Articles (les articles) in good weather ```
par beau temps
314
``` The Articles (les articles) by plane ```
par avion
315
``` The Articles (les articles) to lose hope ```
perdre espor
316
``` The Articles (les articles) to lose courage ```
perdre courage (but: avoir du courage)
317
``` The Articles (les articles) to lose patience ```
perdre patience (but: avoir du patience)
318
``` The Articles (les articles) to consciousness, to black out ```
perdre connaissance
319
``` The Articles (les articles) to watch out, to be careful ```
prendre garde
320
``` The Articles (les articles) to bring good luck ```
porter bonheur
321
``` The Articles (les articles) to bring bad luck ```
porter malheur
322
``` The Articles (les articles) to please sb ```
faire plaisir à qqn
323
``` The Articles (les articles) All that glitters is not gold. ```
Tout ce qui brille n'est pas or.
324
``` The Articles (les articles) Health surpasses wealth. ```
Santé passe richesse.
325
``` The Articles (les articles) Prudence is the mother of safety. ```
Prudence est mère de sûreté.