TEST 7 Flashcards
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder that primarily affects which body system?
a) Respiratory system
b) Digestive system
c) Cardiovascular system
d) Musculoskeletal system
Respiratory system
Which gene mutation is responsible for causing cystic fibrosis?
a) BRCA1
b) TP53
c) CFTR
d) APOE
CFTR
How is cystic fibrosis inherited?
a) Autosomal dominant
b) Autosomal recessive
c) X-linked recessive
d) Mitochondrial inheritance
Autosomal recessive
Which of the following is a common symptom of cystic fibrosis?
a) Chronic cough
b) Enlarged liver
c) Irregular heartbeat
d) Vision loss
Chronic cough
Cystic fibrosis affects primarily which ethnic group?
a) Asian
b) African
c) Hispanic
d) Caucasian
Caucasian
Cystic fibrosis is caused by a mutation in the ___________________ gene.
CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator)
The thick mucus produced in cystic fibrosis can obstruct the ________________ ducts.
Pancreatic
Cystic fibrosis patients often require ________________ supplementation to aid digestion.
Enzyme
The sweat of individuals with cystic fibrosis has a higher concentration of ________________.
Salt (sodium chloride)
The sweat test is a diagnostic method used to measure the levels of ________________ in individuals suspected of having cystic fibrosis.
Chloride
Cystic fibrosis is a curable disease. True or false?
False
Cystic fibrosis affects only the lungs. True or false?
False
All individuals with cystic fibrosis have the same severity of symptoms. True or false?
False
Cystic fibrosis is caused by exposure to environmental toxins. True or false?
False
Cystic fibrosis can be diagnosed prenatally through genetic testing. True or false?
True
What is the average life expectancy of individuals with cystic fibrosis?
a) 30-40 years
b) 50-60 years
c) 70-80 years
d) 90-100 years
50-60 years
Which of the following organs is most commonly affected by cystic fibrosis?
a) Kidneys
b) Lungs
c) Heart
d) Stomach
Lungs
Which type of cystic fibrosis is characterized by milder symptoms and a later onset?
a) Classic CF
b) Atypical CF
c) Late-onset CF
d) Variant CF
Atypical CF
What is the main cause of death in individuals with cystic fibrosis?
a) Respiratory failure
b) Liver failure
c) Kidney failure
d) Heart failure
Respiratory failure
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for developing cystic fibrosis?
a) Family history of CF
b) Being a carrier of the CF gene
c) Exposure to cigarette smoke
d) Consuming a diet high in sugar
Consuming a diet high in sugar
The first gene associated with cystic fibrosis was identified in ___________.
1989
Cystic fibrosis is caused by the production of thick, sticky ___________.
Mucus
The ___________________ sweat test is the gold standard for diagnosing cystic fibrosis.
Quantitative pilocarpine iontophoresis
The majority of cystic fibrosis cases are diagnosed in ___________.
Childhood
Lung transplantation may be a treatment option for individuals with end-stage ___________ disease.
Pulmonary
How is cystic fibrosis typically diagnosed?
a) Blood test
b) Chest X-ray
c) Lung biopsy
d) Sweat test
Sweat test
Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of cystic fibrosis?
a) Chronic cough
b) Rapid weight gain
c) Bulky stool
d) Salty tasting skin
Rapid weight gain
What is the most common complication associated with cystic fibrosis?
a) Diabetes mellitus
b) Liver cirrhosis
c) Heart disease
d) Lung infections
Lung infections
Which of the following is a preventive measure for cystic fibrosis-related complications?
a) Regular exercise
b) Avoiding dairy products
c) Avoiding close contact with animals
d) Genetic counseling and testing
Genetic counseling and testing
What is the primary goal of cystic fibrosis treatment?
a) Cure the disease
b) Manage symptoms
c) Prevent complications
d) Reverse lung damage
Prevent complications
The thick mucus in cystic fibrosis can lead to ________________.
Lung infections
The gold standard for diagnosing cystic fibrosis is a positive result in the ________________ sweat test.
Chloride
In cystic fibrosis, the pancreas fails to produce enough ________________.
Enzymes
________________ therapy helps to clear mucus from the lungs in individuals with cystic fibrosis.
Chest physiotherapy
Cystic fibrosis affects approximately ________________ in every 2,500 to 3,500 Caucasian births.
1
Cystic fibrosis affects both males and females equally. True or false?
True
Lung transplantation is a potential treatment option for end-stage cystic fibrosis. True or false?
True
Cystic fibrosis is caused by a bacterial infection. True or false?
False
Exercise is not recommended for individuals with cystic fibrosis. True or false?
False
Newborn screening can help detect cystic fibrosis early. True or false?
True
Which of the following organs is commonly affected by cystic fibrosis, leading to digestive problems?
a) Liver
b) Pancreas
c) Kidneys
d) Spleen
Pancreas
What type of therapy involves inhaling a mist of salty water to help clear mucus from the airways?
a) Oxygen therapy
b) Gene therapy
c) Pulmonary rehabilitation
d) Nebulized therapy
Nebulized therapy
Which of the following is a potential complication of cystic fibrosis in males?
a) Infertility
b) Ovarian cysts
c) Uterine fibroids
d) Breast cancer
Infertility
Which of the following medications is commonly used to thin mucus and improve lung function in individuals with cystic fibrosis?
a) Insulin
b) Antibiotics
c) Bronchodilators
d) Corticosteroids
Bronchodilators
What is the average age of diagnosis for cystic fibrosis?
a) Birth
b) 2 years
c) 10 years
d) 18 years
2 years
The most common mutation in cystic fibrosis is known as ________________.
F508del (phenylalanine deletion)
Cystic fibrosis can lead to malnutrition and ________________.
Failure to thrive
The introduction of ________________ in the 1950s significantly improved the survival rates for individuals with cystic fibrosis.
Antibiotics
The median predicted survival age for individuals with cystic fibrosis is currently around ________________ years.
40
All surgeries for cystic fibrosis are very dangerous due to post-operative complications. True or false?
True
Enzymes are a type of:
a) Carbohydrate
b) Protein
c) Lipid
d) Nucleic acid
Protein
Enzymes function as:
a) Catalysts
b) Energy sources
c) Structural components
d) Genetic material
Catalysts
The specific region of an enzyme where a substrate binds is called the:
a) Active site
b) Inactive site
c) Binding site
d) Substrate site
Active site
Enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions by:
a) Decreasing temperature
b) Increasing pH
c) Lowering activation energy
d) Increasing substrate concentration
Lowering activation energy
Enzymes are highly specific in their catalytic activity due to:
a) Size
b) Shape
c) Charge
d) Temperature
Shape
The lock and key model and the induced fit model are two models used to explain:
a) Enzyme inhibition
b) Enzyme denaturation
c) Enzyme kinetics
d) Enzyme-substrate interaction
Enzyme-substrate interaction
Enzymes are usually named by adding the suffix:
a) “-ase”
b) “-ose”
c) “-ide”
d) “-ine”
“-ase”
Which of the following factors can affect enzyme activity?
a) Temperature
b) pH
c) Substrate concentration
d) All of the above
All of the above
Enzymes are commonly classified into several classes based on their:
a) Size
b) Shape
c) Function
d) Charge
Function
Enzyme activity can be regulated by:
a) Allosteric regulation
b) Competitive inhibition
c) Covalent modification
d) All of the above
All of the above
Enzymes are composed of ________________ chains.
Polypeptide
The ________________ is the substance on which an enzyme acts.
Substrate
Enzymes can be denatured by extreme ________________ and pH.
Temperature
Enzymes are reusable and can catalyze ________________ reactions.
Multiple
Enzymes can be affected by ________________ and non-competitive inhibitors.
Competitive
Enzymes can only catalyze reactions in one direction. True or false?
False
Enzymes are consumed during the catalytic process. True or false?
False
Enzymes function optimally at any pH value. True or false?
False
Enzymes are specific to one type of substrate. True or false?
True
Enzymes can function under extreme temperature conditions. True or false?
False
Enzymes are classified as:
a) Organic compounds
b) Inorganic compounds
c) Macromolecules
d) Small molecules
Macromolecules
The activity of enzymes can be influenced by:
a) Temperature
b) pH
c) Inhibitors
d) All of the above
All of the above
Enzymes work by:
a) Increasing the concentration of reactants
b) Lowering the activation energy
c) Increasing the concentration of products
d) Decreasing the rate of reaction
Lowering the activation energy
Enzymes function best within a specific:
a) pH range
b) Temperature range
c) Pressure range
d) Ionic strength range
pH range
Enzymes can be found in:
a) Animals
b) Plants
c) Microorganisms
d) All of the above
All of the above
Enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the ________________.
Activation energy
The reactant that an enzyme acts upon is known as the ________________.
Substrate
Enzymes can be inhibited by the binding of ________________ to the active site.
Inhibitors
The study of enzymes is known as ________________.
Enzymology
Enzymes are involved in various biological processes such as ________________ and metabolism.
Digestion
Activation energy is:
a) The energy required for an enzyme to function
b) The energy required to start a chemical reaction
c) The energy released during a chemical reaction
d) The energy stored in an enzyme
The energy required to start a chemical reaction
The transition state in a chemical reaction is:
a) The state where reactants are at their highest energy level
b) The state where reactants are at their lowest energy level
c) The state where products are at their highest energy level
d) The state where products are at their lowest energy level
The state where reactants are at their highest energy level
Chymotrypsin is an example of a:
a) Lipase
b) Protease
c) Amylase
d) Polymerase
Protease
Prosthetic groups are:
a) Small inorganic molecules required for enzyme activity
b) Small organic molecules required for enzyme activity
c) Large protein components of enzymes
d) Active sites on enzymes
Small organic molecules required for enzyme activity
Coenzymes are:
a) Non-protein organic molecules required for enzyme activity
b) Small inorganic molecules required for enzyme activity
c) Large protein components of enzymes
d) Active sites on enzymes
Non-protein organic molecules required for enzyme activity
Cofactors are:
a) Non-protein organic molecules required for enzyme activity
b) Small inorganic molecules required for enzyme activity
c) Large protein components of enzymes
d) Active sites on enzymes
Small inorganic molecules required for enzyme activity
Allosteric regulation is:
a) The regulation of enzyme activity by binding of a molecule at a site other than the active site
b) The regulation of enzyme activity by binding of a molecule at the active site
c) The regulation of enzyme activity by changes in temperature
d) The regulation of enzyme activity by changes in pH
The regulation of enzyme activity by binding of a molecule at a site other than the active site
Phosphorylation is:
a) The addition of a phosphate group to an enzyme or substrate
b) The removal of a phosphate group from an enzyme or substrate
c) The process of converting an enzyme into an inactive form
d) The process of converting an enzyme into an active form
The addition of a phosphate group to an enzyme or substrate
An enzyme that requires a metal ion as a cofactor is called a:
a) Metalloenzyme
b) Prosthetic enzyme
c) Coenzyme
d) Holoenzyme
Metalloenzyme
Which of the following is an example of an allosteric enzyme?
a) Hexokinase
b) Chymotrypsin
c) Catalase
d) DNA polymerase
Catalase
Enzymes lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction by ________________ the transition state.
Stabilizing
Allosteric regulation can result in either ________________ or ________________ of enzyme activity.
Activation, inhibition
Enzymes are consumed during a chemical reaction and need to be replenished. True or false?
False
Enzymes increase the equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction. True or false?
False
Chymotrypsin is an enzyme involved in the digestion of carbohydrates. True or false?
False
Coenzymes are proteins required for enzyme activity. True or false?
False
Allosteric regulation can modulate enzyme activity to respond to cellular needs. True or false?
True
The active site of an enzyme is:
a) The region where the enzyme binds to the substrate
b) The region where allosteric regulators bind
c) The region responsible for cofactor binding
d) The region involved in catalysis
The region involved in catalysis
The pH at which an enzyme exhibits maximum activity is called the:
a) Optimal pH
b) Active pH
c) Substrate pH
d) Enzyme pH
Optimal pH
Enzyme-substrate specificity is determined by:
a) The shape of the enzyme
b) The charge of the enzyme
c) The size of the enzyme
d) The temperature of the enzyme
The shape of the enzyme
Competitive inhibitors bind to the ________________ of an enzyme.
a) Active site
b) Allosteric site
c) Cofactor site
d) Transition state
Active site
Phosphorylation is a common post-translational modification that can regulate enzyme activity by adding a ________________ group.
Phosphate
The induced fit model of enzyme-substrate interaction suggests that:
a) Enzymes and substrates have a perfect fit at the active site.
b) Enzymes undergo conformational changes upon substrate binding.
c) Enzymes are rigid structures that do not change shape.
d) Enzymes and substrates interact through non-specific electrostatic interactions.
Enzymes undergo conformational changes upon substrate binding.
According to the induced fit model, the active site of an enzyme:
a) Remains unchanged during the catalytic process.
b) Only binds to substrates of a specific size and shape.
c) Adapts its shape to accommodate the substrate.
d) Binds to the substrate irreversibly.
Adapts its shape to accommodate the substrate.
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a genetic disorder that affects the metabolism of:
a) Carbohydrates
b) Proteins
c) Fats
d) Nucleic acids
Proteins
Phenylketonuria is caused by a deficiency in the enzyme:
a) Phenylalanine synthase
b) Phenylalanine hydroxylase
c) Phenylalanine deaminase
d) Phenylalanine oxidase
Phenylalanine hydroxylase
In Phenylketonuria, the accumulation of phenylalanine in the body can lead to:
a) Brain damage
b) Heart disease
c) Liver failure
d) Kidney dysfunction
Brain damage
Phenylketonuria can be diagnosed through:
a) Genetic testing
b) Blood tests
c) Urine tests
d) All of the above
All of the above
The primary treatment for Phenylketonuria is:
a) Restricting dietary intake of phenylalanine
b) Increasing dietary intake of phenylalanine
c) Supplementation with phenylalanine hydroxylase
d) None of the above
Restricting dietary intake of phenylalanine
The induced fit model suggests that the active site of an enzyme undergoes ________________ changes upon substrate binding.
Conformational
The basic structural and functional unit of life is the:
a) Tissue
b) Organ
c) Cell
d) Organ system
Cell
Which of the following is not considered an organelle?
a) Mitochondria
b) Golgi apparatus
c) Nucleus
d) Ribosome
Ribosome
The “powerhouse” of the cell, responsible for generating energy, is the:
a) Nucleus
b) Golgi apparatus
c) Mitochondria
d) Endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondria
Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?
a) Nucleus
b) Ribosome
c) Lysosome
d) Vacuole
Ribosome
The organelle that stores genetic material and controls cellular activities is the:
a) Nucleus
b) Chloroplast
c) Endoplasmic reticulum
d) Centriole
Nucleus
The majority of the cell membrane is composed of:
a) Carbohydrates
b) Proteins
c) Lipids
d) Nucleic acids
Lipids
Which of the following is not a type of lipid found in the cell membrane?
a) Phospholipids
b) Cholesterol
c) Triglycerides
d) Glycolipids
Triglycerides
The cell membrane is primarily composed of a bilayer of:
a) Carbohydrates
b) Proteins
c) Lipids
d) Nucleic acids
Lipids
The function of the cell membrane is to:
a) Regulate the movement of substances into and out of the cell
b) Store genetic material
c) Produce energy
d) Synthesize proteins
Regulate the movement of substances into and out of the cell
The cell membrane is selectively permeable, allowing some substances to pass while restricting others. True or False?
True
The cell membrane is composed of a variety of ________________ and ________________ substances.
Organic, inorganic
________________ are the building blocks of proteins.
Amino acids
Carbohydrates play a role in cell recognition and cell-______________ interactions.
Adhesion
The cell membrane acts as a barrier between the cell’s ________________ and its external environment.
Cytoplasm
The cell membrane is a rigid structure that does not allow flexibility. True or false?
False
Lipids are insoluble in water. True or false?
True
Proteins are the primary components of the cell membrane. True or false?
True
Carbohydrates are only found in the cytoplasm of the cell. True or false?
False
The cell membrane is responsible for maintaining the shape of the cell. True or false?
True
The organelle responsible for detoxification and lipid metabolism in the cell is the:
a) Mitochondria
b) Lysosome
c) Peroxisome
d) Vacuole
Peroxisome
Which organelle is responsible for packaging and sorting proteins for transport within the cell?
a) Golgi apparatus
b) Endoplasmic reticulum
c) Nucleus
d) Chloroplast
Golgi apparatus
The cytoskeleton provides structural support and helps with cell movement. True or false?
True
The ________________ is a network of protein fibers that maintains cell shape and assists in cell movement.
Cytoskeleton
The fluid mosaic model describes the cell membrane as:
a) A rigid and immovable structure
b) A mosaic of carbohydrates and lipids
c) A dynamic and fluid structure with embedded proteins
d) A model of fluid motion within the cytoplasm
A dynamic and fluid structure with embedded proteins
_____________ is a field of biology that has practical applications in medicine, health care and laboratory diagnostics.
Medical biology
________ is NOT a branch of Medical Biology?
a) Biophysics
b) Statistics
c) Biochemistry
d) Embryology
Statistics
The branch of biology that studies the structure, function, and behavior of cells is called?
Cytology
An organelle is a specialized subunit, usually within a cell, that has a specific function. True or false?
True
What are the two types of organelles?
- Membrane bound
- Non-membrane bound
_________ has the highest percentage in cell composition.
Water (70%)
Hydrophilic means _________
Water loving
Hydrophobic means ________
Water fearing
Membranous proteins can function as:
a) Enzymes
b) Transporters
c) Receptors
d) All of the above
All of the above
Which type of membranous protein aids in cell-cell communication?
a) Enzymes
b) Transporters
c) Receptors
d) Anchoring proteins
Receptors
The cell membrane is selectively permeable, meaning it:
a) Allows any substance to freely pass through
b) Allows only small molecules to pass through
c) Allows only water molecules to pass through
d) Allows certain substances to pass while restricting others
Allows certain substances to pass while restricting others
Which of the following molecules can directly diffuse through the cell membrane?
a) Glucose
b) Sodium ions
c) Oxygen
d) Proteins
Oxygen
The cell membrane is impermeable and does not allow any molecules to pass through. True or false?
False
The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane is known as:
a) Active transport
b) Facilitated diffusion
c) Osmosis
d) Exocytosis
Osmosis
Membrane transport channels facilitate the movement of ions or molecules by:
a) Active transport
b) Endocytosis
c) Passive diffusion
d) Facilitated diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Which of the following is an example of a passive transport mechanism?
a) Active transport
b) Endocytosis
c) Facilitated diffusion
d) Phagocytosis
Facilitated diffusion
Membrane transport channels are specific to certain molecules or ions. True or false?
True
The fluid mosaic model suggests that the cell membrane is composed of a ________________ bilayer.
Phospholipid
Membranous proteins are embedded within the lipid bilayer and can span the entire ________________ of the membrane.
Thickness
The selective permeability of the cell membrane allows for the regulation of ________________ composition within the cell.
Ion
Osmosis is the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of ________________ concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Higher
Membrane transport channels act as ________________ for the movement of specific molecules or ions across the cell membrane.
Pathways
The fluid mosaic model describes the cell membrane as a static and unchanging structure. True or false?
False
Membranous proteins are only involved in enzymatic reactions. True or false?
False
The cell membrane is freely permeable to all substances. True or false?
False
Osmosis requires the expenditure of energy by the cell. True or false?
False
Membrane transport channels assist in the movement of substances across the cell membrane. True or false?
True
Which of the following is an example of active transport?
a) Facilitated diffusion
b) Osmosis
c) Sodium-potassium pump
d) Simple diffusion
Sodium-potassium pump
Endocytosis is a cellular process that involves:
a) Movement of molecules out of the cell
b) Movement of molecules into the cell
c) Breakdown of cellular waste
d) Synthesis of proteins
Movement of molecules into the cell
Pinocytosis is a form of endocytosis that involves:
a) Engulfing large solid particles
b) Engulfing liquid droplets
c) Engulfing bacteria
d) Engulfing oxygen molecules
Engulfing liquid droplets
Phagocytosis is a form of endocytosis that involves:
a) Engulfing large solid particles
b) Engulfing liquid droplets
c) Engulfing bacteria
d) Engulfing oxygen molecules
Engulfing large solid particles
The cellular organelle that contains the genetic material and controls cell activities is the:
a) Endoplasmic reticulum
b) Golgi apparatus
c) Nucleus
d) Lysosome
Nucleus
The nucleolus is a substructure within the nucleus that is responsible for:
a) Protein synthesis
b) Lipid metabolism
c) Ribosome assembly
d) ATP production
Ribosome assembly
The nuclear pore complex is responsible for:
a) Regulating the movement of substances into and out of the nucleus
b) Synthesizing proteins
c) Breaking down cellular waste
d) Generating energy
Regulating the movement of substances into and out of the nucleus
Karyopherins are proteins involved in:
a) Endocytosis
b) Phagocytosis
c) Nucleus structure
d) Nuclear transport
Nuclear transport
Endocytosis is an active process that requires energy expenditure by the cell. True or False?
True
Pinocytosis primarily involves the uptake of:
a) Large particles
b) Small molecules
c) Bacteria
d) Oxygen molecules
Small molecules
Phagocytosis is mainly performed by:
a) Animal cells
b) Plant cells
c) Bacterial cells
d) Fungal cells
Animal cells
The ________________ is a membrane-bound organelle that houses the genetic material in eukaryotic cells.
Nucleus
The ________________ is a region within the nucleus where ribosomes are assembled.
Nucleolus
The ________________ is a complex structure that regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the nucleus.
Nuclear pore complex
________________ are proteins involved in the transport of molecules into and out of the nucleus.
Karyopherins
During endocytosis, the plasma membrane forms a ________________ around the engulfed materials.
Vesicle
Endocytosis is a process that occurs in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. True or false?
False
Phagocytosis is primarily performed by immune cells to engulf and destroy foreign particles. True or false?
True
The nucleus is surrounded by a double-layered membrane called the nuclear envelope. True or false?
True
The nucleolus is responsible for the synthesis of proteins. True or false?
False
The nuclear pore complex controls the movement of substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. True or false?
True
The process of pinocytosis is also known as:
a) Cell division
b) Cell drinking
c) Cell respiration
d) Cell excretion
Cell drinking
Phagocytosis is an important process for:
a) Cell growth
b) Cellular communication
c) Cellular digestion
d) Cellular respiration
Cellular digestion
The nuclear envelope is composed of:
a) Phospholipid bilayer
b) Carbohydrate chains
c) Protein fibers
d) Cholesterol molecules
Phospholipid bilayer
The nucleolus is involved in the production of:
a) ATP
b) DNA
c) RNA
d) Lipids
RNA
The nuclear pore complex allows the free diffusion of molecules into and out of the nucleus. True or False?
False
Pinocytosis involves the formation of small ________________ that contain dissolved molecules.
Vesicles
Phagocytosis is primarily performed by specialized cells called ________________.
Phagocytes
The nuclear pore complex is composed of proteins called ________________.
Nucleoporins
Karyopherins mediate the transport of ________________ and ________________ between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
Proteins, nucleic acids
Endocytosis is a mechanism for cells to obtain nutrients from the extracellular environment. True or false?
True
Pinocytosis involves the engulfment of large particles by the cell. True or false?
False
The nucleolus plays a role in the assembly of ribosomes. True or false?
True
The nuclear pore complex allows the unregulated passage of molecules in and out of the nucleus. True or false?
False
Karyopherins are involved in the transport of molecules across the cell membrane. True or false?
False
NLS (nuclear localization signal) is recognized by nuclear transport receptors called ____________.
Importins
Nuclear Pore Complexes are made of 30 different pore proteins called ____________.
Nucleoporins
Nuclear membrane contains ______ number of layers.
4
Selective uptake of very specific macromolecules is called Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis. True or false?
True
