TEST 5 Flashcards
The amniotic cavity is formed by the:
a) Inner cell mass
b) Yolk sac
c) Trophoblast
d) Chorion
Inner cell mass
The embryonic disc is formed from the:
a) Epiblast
b) Hypoblast
c) Syncytiotrophoblast
d) Cytotrophoblast
Epiblast
The umbilical vesicle is also known as the:
a) Amnion
b) Chorion
c) Yolk sac
d) Placenta
Yolk sac
The embryonic disc consists of two layers called the:
a) Ectoderm and endoderm
b) Ectoderm and mesoderm
c) Endoderm and mesoderm
d) Mesoderm and trophoblast
Ectoderm and mesoderm
The embryonic disc is formed during the process of ________.
Gastrulation
The umbilical vesicle is responsible for early ________ in the developing embryo.
Nutrient exchange
The umbilical vesicle gives rise to the fetal digestive system. True/False
True
The amniotic fluid provides a protective cushion for the developing embryo. True/False
True
The umbilical vesicle is derived from the trophoblast. True/False
False
The embryonic disc is the first structure to form during embryogenesis. True/False
True
The chorionic sac is composed of two layers known as the:
a) Ectoderm and mesoderm
b) Ectoderm and endoderm
c) Cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast
d) Chorion and amnion
Cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast
The chorionic sac is responsible for:
a) Nutrient exchange between the mother and fetus
b) Formation of the umbilical cord
c) Production of amniotic fluid
d) Protection of the developing embryo
Nutrient exchange between the mother and fetus
The chorionic sac eventually gives rise to the formation of the:
a) Placenta
b) Amniotic cavity
c) Umbilical vesicle
d) Allantois
Placenta
The chorionic sac is responsible for the production of hormones during pregnancy. True/False
False
The chorionic sac eventually fuses with the amnion to form the amniotic cavity. True/False
True
The decidua is the specialized lining of the:
a) Placenta
b) Uterus
c) Amniotic cavity
d) Umbilical cord
Uterus
The decidua is divided into three regions known as the:
a) Decidua basalis, decidua capsularis, decidua parietalis
b) Decidua serosa, decidua interna, decidua externa
c) Decidua vera, decidua placentalis, decidua amnion
d) Decidua epithelialis, decidua fibrosa, decidua musculosa
Decidua basalis, decidua capsularis, decidua parietalis
The placenta is attached to the uterine wall at the region of the:
a) Decidua basalis
b) Decidua capsularis
c) Decidua parietalis
d) Decidua serosa
Decidua basalis
The decidua capsularis covers the ________ and surrounds the developing embryo/fetus.
Amniotic cavity
The placenta acts as a barrier, preventing the mixing of the mother’s and fetus’s blood. True/False
True
The decidua sheds during menstruation if pregnancy does not occur. True/False
True
The decidua capsularis is in direct contact with the fetus. True/False
False
The placenta is primarily formed by the maternal tissues. True/False
False
The decidua plays a crucial role in providing nourishment to the developing fetus. True/False
False
The placenta attaches to the decidua serosa. True/False
False
The amniochorionic membrane is composed of:
a) Amnion and chorion
b) Amnion and umbilical cord
c) Chorion and umbilical cord
d) Chorion and decidua
Amnion and chorion
The amniochorionic membrane attaches the placenta to the uterine wall. True/False
False
The amniochorionic membrane ruptures during the labor. True/False
True
The rupture of amniochorionic membrane leads to the escape of amniotic fluid through ___________ and _____________
Cervix and vagina
Preterm rupture of the amniochorionic membrane leads to?
Preterm labor
Placental circulation refers to the flow of blood between the:
a) Mother and fetus
b) Placenta and amniotic fluid
c) Maternal and fetal circulatory systems
d) Umbilical cord and fetus
Maternal and fetal circulatory systems
The oxygen-depleted blood from the fetus is carried back to the placenta through the:
a) Placental artery
b) Placental vein
c) Umbilical artery
d) Umbilical vein
Umbilical artery
The umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus. True/False
True
Placental circulation is established during the first trimester of pregnancy. True/False
True
Placental hormones play a role in regulating blood flow within the placenta. True/False
True
Placenta previa is a condition where the placenta:
a) Detaches from the uterine wall
b) Develops abnormally large blood vessels
c) Covers the cervix partially or completely
d) Forms multiple lobes instead of a single disc
Covers the cervix partially or completely
Placental abruption refers to the:
a) Premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall
b) Development of cysts within the placenta
c) Formation of excessive scar tissue on the placenta
d) Presence of multiple small placental lobes
Premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall
In a case of placenta accreta, the placenta:
a) Develops outside the uterus
b) Does not properly attach to the uterine wall
c) Invades the uterine muscle
d) Forms multiple lobes instead of a single disc
Invades the uterine muscle
Placental insufficiency refers to a condition where the placenta:
a) Develops abnormally large blood vessels
b) Fails to provide adequate oxygen and nutrients to the fetus
c) Separates prematurely from the uterine wall
d) Forms multiple small lobes instead of a single disc
Fails to provide adequate oxygen and nutrients to the fetus
Placental abruption can cause heavy bleeding and is a medical emergency. True/False
True
Oligohydramnios refers to a condition characterized by:
a) Excessive amniotic fluid
b) Normal amniotic fluid levels
c) Insufficient amniotic fluid
d) Abnormal composition of amniotic fluid
Insufficient amniotic fluid
Polyhydramnios is a condition characterized by:
a) Excessive amniotic fluid
b) Normal amniotic fluid levels
c) Insufficient amniotic fluid
d) Abnormal composition of amniotic fluid
Excessive amniotic fluid
Erythroblastosis fetalis is a condition that occurs when:
a) The mother’s blood type is Rh-negative, and the fetus is Rh-positive
b) The mother’s blood type is Rh-positive, and the fetus is Rh-negative
c) Both the mother and fetus have Rh-negative blood type
d) Both the mother and fetus have Rh-positive blood type
The mother’s blood type is Rh-negative, and the fetus is Rh-positive
Fetal hydrops refers to a condition characterized by:
a) Accumulation of fluid in the fetal lungs
b) Swelling of the fetal skin and tissues
c) Abnormal growth of the placenta
d) Insufficient production of amniotic fluid
Swelling of the fetal skin and tissues
Fetal hydrops can be caused by:
a) Rh incompatibility between the mother and fetus
b) Maternal infections
c) Congenital heart defects in the fetus
d) All of the above
All of the above
Monozygotic twins are formed when:
a) Two separate eggs are fertilized by two different sperm
b) One egg is fertilized by one sperm, and then the embryo splits into two
c) One egg is fertilized by two different sperm
d) Two eggs are fertilized by two different sperm
One egg is fertilized by one sperm, and then the embryo splits into two
Dizygotic twins are formed when:
a) Two separate eggs are fertilized by two different sperm
b) One egg is fertilized by one sperm, and then the embryo splits into two
c) One egg is fertilized by two different sperm
d) Two eggs are fertilized by two different sperm
Two separate eggs are fertilized by two different sperm
The occurrence of dizygotic twins is influenced by:
a) Maternal age
b) Maternal ethnicity
c) Maternal family history of twins
d) All of the above
All of the above
Monozygotic twins have the same genetic makeup, while dizygotic twins share approximately 50% of their genetic material. True/False
True
Monozygotic twins have separate placentas and amniotic sacs. True/False
False
Neurulation is the process by which:
a) The neural tube develops from the ectoderm
b) The notochord transforms into the spinal cord
c) The brain undergoes rapid growth and development
d) The peripheral nerves form in the developing embryo
The neural tube develops from the ectoderm
The process of neurulation primarily occurs during which embryonic period?
a) Pre-implantation period
b) Gastrulation period
c) Fetal period
d) Organogenesis period
Gastrulation period
The first visible sign of neurulation is the formation of the:
a) Neural crest cells
b) Notochord
c) Neural plate
d) Neural tube
Neural plate
The neural plate eventually gives rise to the:
a) Brain only
b) Spinal cord only
c) Central nervous system (CNS)
d) Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Central nervous system (CNS)
The neural tube closes at both ends, forming the:
a) Brain vesicles
b) Cranial nerves
c) Spinal nerves
d) Neural crest cells
Brain vesicles
Failure of neural tube closure can lead to:
a) Spina bifida
b) Anencephaly
c) Cleft palate
d) All of the above
All of the above
The neural crest cells give rise to various structures, including:
a) Sensory neurons
b) Schwann cells
c) Melanocytes
d) All of the above
All of the above
The process of neurulation is influenced by signaling molecules, such as:
a) Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs)
b) Sonic hedgehog (Shh)
c) Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)
d) All of the above
All of the above
The neural plate folds and fuses to form the:
a) Neural crest
b) Neural groove
c) Notochord
d) Neural tube
Neural tube
Neurulation begins in which region of the developing embryo?
a) Head region
b) Thoracic region
c) Lumbar region
d) Tail region
Head region
The neural tube eventually differentiates into:
a) Gray matter and white matter
b) Sensory neurons and motor neurons
c) Dorsal and ventral horns
d) All of the above
All of the above
The process of neurulation is complete by the end of which week of gestation?
a) 4th week
b) 8th week
c) 12th week
d) 16th week
4th week
The notochord plays a critical role in:
a) Inducing neural tube formation
b) Providing mechanical support to the embryo
c) Differentiating into the spinal cord
d) All of the above
Inducing neural tube formation
The neural tube gives rise to which parts of the nervous system?
a) Brain and spinal cord
b) Peripheral nerves
c) Autonomic nervous system
d) Sensory neurons
Brain and spinal cord
The neural crest cells give rise to various non-neural tissues, such as the bones and muscles. True/False
False
Failure of neural tube closure can lead to birth defects. True/False
True
The neural plate folds inward to form the neural tube. True/False
True
The notochord is essential for the induction of neural tube formation. True/False
True
The process of neurulation is regulated by various signaling molecules. True/False
True
Neurulation is a rapid process that occurs within a few days. True/False
True
Somitogenesis is the process by which:
a) The neural tube develops from the ectoderm
b) The somites are formed from the paraxial mesoderm
c) The limb buds differentiate from the lateral plate mesoderm
d) The notochord transforms into the spinal cord
The somites are formed from the paraxial mesoderm
Somites are transient structures that give rise to:
a) Muscles only
b) Bones and joints only
c) Nerves and blood vessels only
d) Muscles, bones, joints, and dermis
Muscles, bones, joints, and dermis
The process of somitogenesis occurs during which period of embryonic development?
a) Pre-implantation period
b) Gastrulation period
c) Fetal period
d) Organogenesis period
Gastrulation period
The first pair of somites appears at which region of the developing embryo?
a) Head region
b) Thoracic region
c) Lumbar region
d) Tail region
Head region
Somitogenesis is regulated by a signaling gradient of which molecule?
a) Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)
b) Sonic hedgehog (Shh)
c) Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)
d) Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)
Sonic hedgehog (Shh)
The process of somitogenesis is under the control of which genetic pathway?
a) Wnt signaling pathway
b) Notch signaling pathway
c) JAK-STAT signaling pathway
d) Hedgehog signaling pathway
Notch signaling pathway
How many pairs of somites are typically formed in humans?
a) 7
b) 20
c) 32
d) 42
20
The somites are organized into three regions, which are:
a) Cranial, thoracic, and lumbar
b) Cervical, thoracic, and lumbar
c) Anterior, middle, and posterior
d) Medial, lateral, and dorsal
Anterior, middle, and posterior
The anterior region of the somite gives rise to:
a) Muscles of the head and neck
b) Muscles of the limbs
c) Vertebrae and ribs
d) Dermis of the back
Muscles of the head and neck
The dermis of the back is derived from which region of the somite?
a) Anterior
b) Middle
c) Posterior
d) All regions contribute to the dermis
Posterior
Somites play a role in the development of the:
a) Central nervous system (CNS)
b) Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
c) Cardiovascular system
d) Respiratory system
Cardiovascular system
The process of somitogenesis is completed by the end of which week of gestation?
a) 4th week
b) 8th week
c) 12th week
d) 16th week
8th week
The segmentation clock is a genetic oscillator that controls the formation of:
a) Somites
b) Notochord
c) Neural tube
d) Limb buds
Somites
The paraxial mesoderm gives rise to which other structures besides somites?
a) Kidneys
b) Gonads
c) Heart
d) Skeleton
Skeleton
Somites form through the process of:
a) Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)
b) Cell proliferation
c) Apoptosis
d) Mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET)
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)
The process of somitogenesis is completed by the end of the 16th week of gestation. True/False
False
The anterior region of the somite gives rise to the muscles of the limbs. True/False
False
Somitogenesis involves the formation of segmental structures along the embryonic axis. True/False
True
The paraxial mesoderm gives rise to the skeletal system. True/False
True
Somites are segmented blocks of ________ that form along the embryonic axis.
Mesoderm
Vasculogenesis is the process by which:
a) Pre-existing blood vessels remodel and expand
b) New blood vessels form from existing vessels
c) Blood islands differentiate into blood vessels
d) Vascular endothelial cells migrate and form tubes
Blood islands differentiate into blood vessels
Angiogenesis is the process by which:
a) Pre-existing blood vessels remodel and expand
b) New blood vessels form from existing vessels
c) Blood islands differentiate into blood vessels
d) Vascular endothelial cells migrate and form tubes
New blood vessels form from existing vessels
Vasculogenesis primarily occurs during which embryonic period?
a) Pre-implantation period
b) Gastrulation period
c) Fetal period
d) Organogenesis period
Pre-implantation period
During vasculogenesis, endothelial cells differentiate from:
a) Neural crest cells
b) Mesenchymal cells
c) Blood islands
d) Cardiac progenitor cells
Blood islands
Angioblasts are precursor cells that give rise to:
a) Endothelial cells
b) Pericytes
c) Smooth muscle cells
d) All of the above
Endothelial cells
Sprouting angiogenesis involves the formation of new blood vessels through the growth of:
a) Vascular endothelial cells
b) Pericytes
c) Smooth muscle cells
d) Cardiac progenitor cells
Vascular endothelial cells
Intussusceptive angiogenesis is characterized by:
a) Splitting or branching of existing blood vessels
b) Sprouting of new blood vessels from existing vessels
c) Formation of blood islands
d) Differentiation of mesenchymal cells into endothelial cells
Splitting or branching of existing blood vessels
The process of angiogenesis is regulated by fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs). True/False
True
Angiogenesis involves the recruitment of pericytes to stabilize new blood vessels. True/False
True
The process of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis is necessary for the development of the respiratory system. True/False
False
Hematogenesis occurs in ________ week?
Fifth
Which system begins functioning in embryo first?
Cardiovascular
Heart beats starts on _________ day of gestation.
21-22 day
Hematogenesis occurs in how many phases?
2
What is the first organ that generates red blood cells?
Liver
Embryonic folding is a process that occurs during which period of embryonic development?
a) Pre-implantation period
b) Gastrulation period
c) Fetal period
d) Organogenesis period
Gastrulation period
The process of folding transforms the flat embryonic disc into a?
Tube
During embryonic folding, the endoderm forms the:
a) Outer layer
b) Middle layer
c) Inner layer
d) None of the above
Inner layer
The folding of the embryo creates which three primary germ layers?
a) Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
b) Ectoderm, endoderm, and exoderm
c) Mesoderm, endoderm, and exoderm
d) Ectoderm, mesoderm, and exoderm
Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
The first type of folding that occurs during embryonic development is:
a) Transverse folding
b) Cranial folding
c) Caudal folding
d) Lateral folding
Transverse folding
During transverse folding, the sides of the embryo fold towards the __________ side
Ventral
The process of cranial folding involves the folding of the embryo’s head region towards the ________ side
Dorsal
Caudal folding is the folding of the embryo’s tail region towards the ___________ side
Ventral
Lateral folding refers to the folding of the embryo along its:
a) Anterior-posterior axis
b) Transverse axis
c) Medial-lateral axis
d) Superior-inferior axis
Medial-lateral axis
The process of folding helps to establish the body axis and position the future organs. True/False
True
The ectoderm gives rise to the outer layer of the tube formed during folding. True/False
True
Folding of the embryo is solely driven by genetic factors. True/False
False
Cranial folding involves the folding of the embryo’s head region towards the dorsal side. True/False
True
The neural tube is formed during the process of embryonic folding. True/False
True
During caudal folding, the tail region of the embryo folds towards the ventral side. True/False
True
Congenital anomalies refer to abnormalities that are:
a) Acquired after birth
b) Present at birth
c) Developed during adolescence
d) Inherited from parents
Present at birth
Which of the following is NOT a category of congenital anomalies?
a) Structural anomalies
b) Functional anomalies
c) Developmental anomalies
d) Metabolic anomalies
Functional anomalies
The most common cause of congenital anomalies is:
a) Genetic factors
b) Maternal infections
c) Environmental teratogens
d) Maternal malnutrition
Environmental teratogens
A cleft lip is an example of a:
a) Structural anomaly
b) Functional anomaly
c) Developmental anomaly
d) Metabolic anomaly
Structural anomaly
Which of the following is an example of a chromosomal anomaly?
a) Down syndrome
b) Spina bifida
c) Cleft palate
d) Fetal alcohol syndrome
Down syndrome
Congenital heart defects are examples of:
a) Structural anomalies
b) Functional anomalies
c) Developmental anomalies
d) Metabolic anomalies
Structural anomalies
Anencephaly is a neural tube defect characterized by the absence of the:
a) Brain
b) Spinal cord
c) Heart
d) Limbs
Brain
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for congenital anomalies?
a) Advanced maternal age
b) Maternal smoking
c) Prenatal vitamin supplementation
d) Maternal diabetes
Prenatal vitamin supplementation
Congenital anomalies can be detected prenatally through:
a) Ultrasound imaging
b) Maternal blood tests
c) Genetic testing
d) All of the above
All of the above
Which of the following is an example of a neural tube defect?
a) Cleft lip
b) Down syndrome
c) Spina bifida
d) Clubfoot
Spina bifida
Fetal alcohol syndrome is a congenital anomaly caused by maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy. True/False
True
Congenital anomalies are always apparent at birth and can be easily diagnosed. True/False
False
Maternal age has no influence on the risk of congenital anomalies in the fetus. True/False
False
Maternal smoking is a known risk factor for congenital anomalies. True/False
True
Anencephaly is a neural tube defect characterized by the absence of the spinal cord. True/False
False
Which of the following is a chromosomal congenital anomaly?
a) Cleft lip
b) Down syndrome
c) Spina bifida
d) Clubfoot
Down syndrome
Down syndrome is caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome:
a) 21
b) 13
c) 18
d) X
21
Turner syndrome is a chromosomal anomaly that occurs in:
a) Males
b) Females
c) Both males and females
d) None of the above
Females
Klinefelter syndrome is a chromosomal anomaly that occurs in:
a) Males
b) Females
c) Both males and females
d) None of the above
Males
Which of the following chromosomal anomalies is characterized by the presence of an extra X chromosome in males?
a) Down syndrome
b) Turner syndrome
c) Klinefelter syndrome
d) Cri-du-chat syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome
Cri-du-chat syndrome is caused by a deletion in chromosome:
a) 21
b) 13
c) 5
d) X
5
Trisomy 18, also known as Edwards syndrome, is caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome:
a) 13
b) 18
c) 21
d) X
18
Which of the following is NOT a symptom or characteristic of Down syndrome?
a) Intellectual disability
b) Almond-shaped eyes
c) Webbed neck
d) Increased risk of leukemia
Webbed neck
Which chromosomal congenital anomaly is characterized by a high-pitched cry resembling a cat’s cry?
a) Down syndrome
b) Turner syndrome
c) Cri-du-chat syndrome
d) Klinefelter syndrome
Cri-du-chat syndrome
Chromosomal congenital anomalies can be detected prenatally through:
a) Ultrasound imaging
b) Maternal blood tests
c) Genetic testing
d) All of the above
All of the above
Most chromosomal congenital anomalies are not compatible with life and result in miscarriage or stillbirth. True/False
True
Chromosomal congenital anomalies can be detected prenatally through genetic testing. True/False
True
Klinefelter syndrome occurs in females and is characterized by an extra Y chromosome. True/False
False
Maternal diabetes can cause ___________
Heart and neural tube defects
Amniocentesis is a _________ method of sampling?
a) Non-invasive
b) Invasive
c) Both of them
d) None of them
Invasive
