Behavioral Sciences Flashcards
Scientific study of the
behavior of individuals and
their mental processes is called?
psychology
Set of procedures used for gathering
and interpreting objective information
in a way that minimizes error and
yields dependable generalizations is __________
Scientific method
What is behaviour?
The observable actions by
which an organism adjusts
to its environment
Following is NOT the goal of psychology?
a. Controlling what happens
b. Predicting what happens
c. Denying what happens
d. Explaining what happens
Denying what happens
The definition of psychology focuses on both
______________ and ______________.
a. behaviors; structures
b. behaviors; mental processes
c. mental processes; functions
d. mental processes; structures
behaviors; mental processes
To what goal of psychology is “level of analysis” most
relevant?
a. explaining what happens
b. describing what happens
c. predicting what will happen
d. controlling what happens
describing what happens
__________________ are reports of observations
about behavior and conditions under which
they occur
Behavioral data
Measures of behavioral data must be objective or subjective?
objective
Control means?
Making behavior happen or not happen
Who founded the first laboratory that was devoted to experimental psychology?
a. William James
b. Max Wertheimer
c. Wilhelm Wundt
d. John Dewey
Wilhelm Wundt
Who thought that Human body could be scientifically understood?
Rene Descartes
Edward Tichener founded one of first U.S. psychology labs. True or false?
True
Who wrote Principles of Psychology?
William James
While watching a horror film, Betty suppressed her emotions but Hilda did not. You would expect Betty to eat ______________ comfort food than Hilda and ______________ non-comfort food.
a. more; the same amount of
b. more; less
c. the same amount of; more
d. less; more
more; the same amount of
Who was the first woman to serve as president of the American Psychological Association?
a. Margaret Washburn
b. Jane Goodall
c. Anna Freud
d. Mary Calkins
Mary Calkins
If you want to ______________ what will happen, you first must be able to ______________ what will happen.
a. describe; explain
b. control; predict
c. describe; control
d. explain; predict
control; predict
A researcher tells you that her main goal is to understand mental experiences as the combination of basic components. It is most likely that she finds the historical
roots of her research in?
structuralism.
Two professors at universities in Boston and Mumbai are collaborating on a research project to determine how their students in the United States and India respond to
the same reasoning problems. It’s likely that they take a ______________ perspective in their research.
Sociocultural
The ______________ perspective draws on the ways in which human mental abilities serve adaptive purposes.
a. cognitive
b. evolutionary
c. humanistic
d. sociocultural
evolutionary
When you’re home with the flu, you spend a lot of time watching CourtTV. You weren’t surprised to see a ______________ psychologist testifying during a trial.
Forensic
What type of question would a cognitive psychologist be likely to ask?
a. Why do children sometimes have imaginary friends?
b. Why do some students get sick every time they have a major exam?
c. How can we design a keyboard for a computer that allows people to type more quickly?
d. How are bilingual individuals able to switch between their two languages?
How are bilingual individuals able to switch between their two languages?
Which type of psychologist is least likely to focus on genetic aspects of human psychology?
industrial–organizational psychologists
Individuals with advanced degrees in psychology are most likely to be working in
a. academic settings.
b. hospitals and clinics.
c. business and government.
d. independent practice.
academic settings.
In assessments of violence risk, substance abuse counts as a dynamic factor. True or false?
True
In what phase of P4QR should you try to relate the slides material to your prior knowledge about a topic?
a. Reflect
b. Review
c. Recite
d. Question
Reflect
Evolutionary perspective was put forward by?
Charles Darwin
Evolutionary perspective focuses more on?
Mental adaptiveness
_____________ focuses on functioning of genes, brain, nervous system and endocrine system.
Biological perspective
____________ is primarily concerned with
observable behavior thatcan be objectively
recorded
Behavioral perspective
______________ emphasizes an individual’s inherent capacity for making rational choices and developing to maximum potential
Humanistic perspective
Which of the following does Psychologists NOT do?
a. Engage in psychological inquiry
b. Formulate questions to be researched
c. Apply psychological principles
d. Prescribe appropriate medicines
Prescribe appropriate medicines
Percent of clinical psychologist is?
34.5%
Least percent of subfield in psychology is?
Physiological/biopsychologist
Percent of psychologist working in hospitals is?
25.8%
What percent of psychologist practice independently?
6.4%
Define learning?
Process based on experience
that results in relatively
permanent change in behavior
or behavioral patterns
Decrease in behavioral
response when stimulus
repeatedly presented is?
Habituation
Increase in behavioral
response when stimulus
repeatedly presented
Sensitization
Who presented Operant conditioning
model?
B. F. Skinner
____________ is the father of American behaviorism?
John Watson
Basic form of learning in which one stimulus predicts occurrence of another significant stimulus is called?
Classic conditioning
When Sarah first moved to the city, she couldn’t sleep because of the traffic noise. Now she hardly hears the traffic at all. This is an example of
a. sensitization.
b. consistency.
c. habituation.
d. classical conditioning
habituation.
You would not expect a close adherent to Skinner’s ideas
to focus on
a. internal states as causes of behavior.
b. forms of learning conserved across species.
c. association between behaviors and rewards.
d. the environmental stimuli that cause behaviors
internal states as causes of behavior.
Six-year-old Pavel has a neighbor with a small dog who barks at him every day. Over time, Pavel has become frightened of all dogs. This is an example of
a. stimulus discrimination.
b. spontaneous recovery.
c. backward conditioning.
d. stimulus generalization
stimulus generalization
________________ got Nobel Peace prize for research in medical physiology
Ivan P. Pavlov
In Pavlov’s experiments, ______________ served as the unconditioned stimulus.
a. salivation
b. the sight of the assistant
c. food powder
d. tones
food powder
Peter wishes to use classical conditioning in which a light will be the CS and an electric shock will be the UCS. You tell him that the light must ______________ the shock.
a. be temporally contiguous with
b. reliably predict
c. be in a blocking relationship with
d. occur after
reliably predict
When classical conditioning contributes to drug tolerance, the conditioned stimulus is the:
a. setting in which individuals take the drugs.
b. body’s compensatory reaction to the drug.
c. high the drugs give when individuals take them.
d. individual’s fear of an overdose.
setting in which individuals take the drugs.
Power of stimulus to evoke response is
strengthened when response is followed by
reward. Which law is it?
Law of effect
What is reinforcer?
Any stimulus that when made contingent on behavior increases probability of that
behavior over time
One night after eating a hot dog you get very sick; now you shudder at the idea of eating a hot dog. A friend suggests that extinction trials will allow you to overcome this aversion. This means that you should:
a. associate hot dogs with foods you like.
b. make yourself sick eating something else.
c. eat some more hot dogs.
d. use hot dogs as a reward
eat some more hot dogs.
For people undergoing chemotherapy, an unconditioned response would be
a. anticipatory fatigue.
b. the setting in which the individual receives the treatment.
c. the infusion of drugs into their bodies.
d. their bodies’ reaction to the drugs.
their bodies’ reaction to the drugs.
In an operant conditioning experiment, you offer people expensive chocolate each time they perform a desired behavior. You think it’s likely that the chocolate will be a
______________ of the people.
a. reinforcer for all
c. punisher for all
b. reinforcer for none
d. reinforcer for some
reinforcer for some
Behavior followed by delivery of appetitive stimulus is called _____________ reinforcement.
Positive
Behavior followed by removal of aversive stimulus is ___________ reinforcement
Negative
Maha’s parents haven’t allowed her to watch television for three days. If she eats her brussels sprouts, she’ll be allowed to watch TV that night. It sounds as if Maha’s
parents might be familiar with:
a. operant extinction.
b. conditioned reinforcement.
c. response deprivation theory.
d. token economies
response deprivation theory.
In one study, the children who had received the most physical punishment as 15-month-olds showed ______________ behavior problems at 36 months and ______________ behavior problems in first grade then their
less-punished peers.
a. fewer; fewer.
b. more; fewer
c. fewer; more
d. more; more
more; more
A time out may work best to change a child’s behavior if the child is ______________ years old and the time out lasts for ______________ minutes.
a. 10; 2
b. 10; 12
c. 4; 4
d. 2; 3
4; 4
Birds like Clark’s nutcrackers are very successful at finding the seeds they have buried. This provides evidence for species-specific:
a. spatial memory.
b. conditioning processes.
c. applications of classical conditioning.
d. shaping processes.
spatial memory
In your new job, you get paid 200 rupees every time you finish polishing 20 apples. This situation puts you on a ______________ schedule.
a. variable-interval
b. fixed-ratio
c. variable-ratio
d. fixed-interval
fixed-ratio
Zehra watches her older sister slip on ice and bruise her arm. After that, Zehra is very careful when she walks on ice. This is an example of:
a. observational learning.
b. operant extinction.
c. classical conditioning.
d. sensitization.
observational learning
What is memory?
Capacity to encode, store and retrieve information
Conscious effort to recover information is __________ type of memory.
Explicit
Availability of information through memory
without conscious effort is called?
Implicit memory
___________ does NOT come under memory processes:
a. Encoding
b. Storage
c. Dumping
d. Retrieval
Dumping
At her school’s talent show, Nura answers questions about politics while spinning basketballs on her fingers. The question and answering mostly require _______ memory,
whereas the ball spinning mostly requires _______ memory.
a. implicit; procedural
b. procedural; declarative
c. declarative; procedural
d. implicit; declarative
declarative; procedural
To demonstrate the capacity of iconic memory, George Sperling showed that participants performed better with
the _______ procedure.
a. whole-report
b. partial-report
c. procedural memory
d. implicit memory
partial-report
Malik looks a number up in a phone book, but he forgets it before he has a chance to make the call. It sounds like Malik should have spent more effort on
a. rehearsal.
b. memory span.
c. chunking.
d. iconic memory.
rehearsal
Which of these is NOT a component of working memory?
a. the iconic memory buffer
b. the phonological loop
c. the central executive
d. the visuospatial sketchpad
the iconic memory buffer
Because of the usefulness of the retrieval cues, _______ is usually easier than _______.
a. recall; episodic memory
b. recognition; recall
c. semantic memory; recognition
d. recall; recognition
recognition; recall
After Maham meets a group of people, she can remember the name of only the last person she met. This is an example of a(n) _______ effect.
a. primacy
c. encoding specificity
b. temporal distinctiveness
d. recency
recency
Consider the word Mississippi. Which of these questions asks you to process that word at the deepest level of processing?
a. How many times does the letter s appear in the word?
b. Is this word the name of a river?
c. How many syllables does the word have?
d. What is the word’s first letter?
Is this word the name of a river?
You’ve just memorized a list of nonsense words. You are going to try to recall the words every day for the next 30 days (without looking back at the list). You would expect to show the most forgetting between
a. day 1 and day 2.
b. day 5 and day 10.
c. day 3 and day 5.
d. day 10 and day 30.
day 1 and day 2.
Pasha needs to learn the order of the planets with respect to their distance from the sun. To begin, he imagines Mercury as a giant bun and Venus shaped like a shoe. It sounds like Pasha is using
a. the method of loci.
b. metamemory.
c. the peg-word method.
d. iconic memory.
the peg-word method
At the start of each exam, Sarah reads over the full set of questions to determine which ones she feels pretty sure she’ll get right. To make these judgments, Sarah is using
a. encoding specificity.
b. elaborative rehearsal.
c. mnemonics.
d. metamemory.
metamemory.
When you enter a restaurant to enjoy a meal, you’ll probably put a memory structure known as a(n)_______ to good use.
a. script
c. prototype
b. exemplar
d. chunk
script
Your professor wants to give you advice based on the “testing effect.” What is he likely to say?
a. Quiz yourself after you finish reading each chapter!
b. Study material from the middle of the chapter most carefully!
c. Use your judgments-of-learning to decide what to study more!
d. Try to study in the same room in which you’re going to take the test!
Quiz yourself after you finish reading each chapter!
Karl Lashley carried out his search for the engram by training rats on mazes and then removing different amounts of the
a. cerebellum.
b. striatum.
c. cortex.
d. amygdala.
Cortex
Alois Alzheimer was able to demonstrate that
a. plaques in the brain caused Alzheimer’s disease.
b. amyloid ß-peptide caused Alzheimer’s disease.
c. people who died of Alzheimer’s disease had plaques in their brains.
d. plaques in the brain could be used to prevent Alzheimer’s disease.
people who died of Alzheimer’s disease had plaques in their brains.
If you were asked to identify the brain bases of the encoding and retrieval of episodic memories, you should point to the
a. striatum.
b. amygdala.
c. cerebellum.
d. prefrontal cortex.
prefrontal cortex.
Failure of memory caused by injury, drugs or trauma is called?
Amnesia
What is retrograde amnesia?
Can’t remember events before the trauma
In ____________ amnesia, person can’t remember events after trauma
Anterograde
What is developmental psychology?
Stages of physical and psychological growth from conception throughout entire life.
Adolescence age is from _________ to _____________
11 years to 20 years
Following is NOT the physical change in adulthood?
a. Vision
b. Taste
c. Hearing
d. Reproductive and sexual functioning
Taste
Raima just turned 4, but she has the language ability of a 6-year-old. For language ability, Raima’s _______ age is greater than her _______ age.
a. chronological; normative
b. developmental; cross-sectional
c. developmental; chronological
d. chronological; developmental
developmental; chronological
Your friend Noor says, “I’m sure Syra recognized my voice as soon as she was born.” If Noor is Syra’s _______, Noor’s claim is probably correct.
a. mother
c. mother or father
b. father
d. sister
Mother
Jack and Jill are twins. Under most circumstances, you would expect that Jack would begin his pubescent growth spurt _______ Jill.
a. at the same time as
c. a year before
b. earlier than
d. later than
Later than
Ability to understand and predict other people’s behavior based on understanding of their mental states is called the Theory of mind. True or false?
True
Tamara is a child whose thought is marked by egocentrism and centration. With respect to Piaget’s theory, you infer that Tamara is in the _______ stage.
a. sensorimotor
b. preoperational
c. concrete operations
d. formal operations
preoperational
You are testing 20-year-old Kamal and his 45-year-old father, Maaz. If they are both average members of their age groups, you’d expect Kamal to show more _______ and Maaz to show more _______.
a. crystallized intelligence; fluid intelligence
b. wisdom; crystallized intelligence
c. wisdom; fluid intelligence
d. fluid intelligence; wisdom
fluid intelligence; wisdom
You are examining data from an experiment on speech perception. Participant 27 was able to hear a sound distinction that is used in Urdu but not in English. You conclude the Participant 27 is least likely to be an
a. adult who is an English speaker.
b. infant in an Urdu-language environment.
c. adult who is an Urdu speaker.
d. infant in an English-language environment
adult who is an English speaker.
If Soha believes that “mommy” applies to all women, that is an _______. If she believes that “mommy” applies only to her own mother, that is an _______.
a. contrast; overextension
b. underextension; hypothesis
c. hypothesis; contrast
d. overextension; underextension
overextension; underextension
Mona and Bianca are both 6-year-olds. Mona speaks English. Bianca speaks both English and Turkish. You expect that _______ will have a bigger vocabulary in English and that _______ will show better executive control.
a. Mona; Mona
b. Bianca; Mona
c. Mona; Bianca
d. Bianca; Bianca
Mona; Bianca
According to Erik Erikson, the major crisis of age 6 to puberty is
a. autonomy versus self-doubt.
b. identity versus role confusion
c. generativity versus stagnation.
d. competence versus inferiority
competence versus inferiority
As a mother, Laiba is high on the dimension of demandingness and low on the dimension of responsiveness. This combination would be described as a(n) _______ style of parenting.
a. indulgent
b. neglecting
c. authoritative
d. authoritarian
authoritarian
Which of these statements was NOT mentioned as a recommendation for quality day care?
a. Children should be taught social problem-solving skills.
b. Children should have similar levels of intellectual development.
c. Caregivers should not put undue restrictions on the children.
d. Children should have a free choice of activities intermixed with explicit lessons.
Children should have similar levels of intellectual development.
Whereas _______ differences are affected by culture, _______ differences are affected by biology.
a. gender; sex
b. sex; identity
c. generativity; gender
d. sex; gender
Gender; sex
You are asked to guess whether 6-year-old Misbah is a girl or boy. Which observation would most lead you to believe that Misbah is a girl?
a. Misbah enjoys rough-and-tumble play.
b. Misbah doesn’t like to engage in social conversations.
c. Misbah most enjoys one-on-one relationships.
d. Misbah prefers to have social interactions in groups
Misbah most enjoys one-on-one relationships.
For moral behavior, Ghazala is most concerned about following rules and avoiding the censure of authorities.
She is at the stage of _______ morality.
a. principled
b. preconventional
c. cultural
d. conventional
conventional
Carol Gilligan criticized Kohlberg’s theory by arguing that women are more focused on the standard of _______, whereas men are more focused on the standard of _______.
a. caring for others; avoiding pain
b. caring for others; justice
c. justice; caring for others
d. avoiding self-condemnation; justice
caring for others; justice
Which statement is true of moods, but not emotions?
a. They may last several days.
b. They can be either positive or negative.
c. They may arise from specific events.
d. They are relatively intense
They may last several days.
Which of these facial expressions is not among the seven universally recognized expressions of emotion?
a. concern
b. disgust
c. contempt
d. happiness
concern
The _______ prepares the body for physiological aspects of emotional responses.
a. hypothalamus
b. amygdala
c. autonomous nervous system
d. hippocampus
autonomous nervous system
According to the _______ theory of emotion, you feel after your body reacts.
a. Cannon–Bard
b. James–Lange
c. cognitive appraisal
d. approach-related
James–Lange
Your friend Yasin just found out he did better than expected on a calculus exam. An experimenter asks you to predict how happy Yasin is feeling. The experimenter also asks Yasin the same question. It would probably be the case that your rating would be _______ Yasin’s rating.
a. equal to
b. higher than
c. lower than
d. much lower than
higher than
The brain structure that plays an important role in the fight-or-flight response is the
a. pituitary gland.
b. hypothalamus.
c. amygdala.
d. thyroid gland
hypothalamus.
If you are faced by _______ stressors, the type of coping that is likely to be most useful is _______ coping.
a. uncontrollable; problem-directed
b. controllable; emotion-focused
c. controllable; delay-based
d. uncontrollable; emotion-focused
uncontrollable; emotion-focused
When May was diagnosed with skin cancer, Al searched the Web to help her learn more about treatment options. This type of social support is _______ support.
a. tangible
b. emotional
c. informational
d. inoculation
Informational
A few months after surviving a tornado, Jane says, “I am grateful for every new day.” It sounds like Jane experienced posttraumatic growth in which domain?
a. spiritual change
b. appreciation of life
c. relating to others
d. personal strength
appreciation of life
Consider the stages people pass through as they attempt to quit smoking. Which of these pairs is in the wrong order?
a. preparation; contemplation
b. contemplation; action
c. action; maintenance
d. preparation; maintenance
preparation; contemplation
Maria is participating in a laboratory study. Every time her blood pressure goes up, she sees a “sad face” on a computer display. It seems that Maria is learning how to use
a. the relaxation response.
b. anticipatory coping.
c. biofeedback.
d. stress inoculation.
biofeedback.
Researchers gave caretakers of Alzheimer’s patients and control individuals standardized wounds. What was the result of the study?
a. The wounds of the Alzheimer’s caretakers took longer to heal.
b. The wounds of the control individuals took longer to heal.
c. There was no difference in the time it took the wounds to heal.
d. The wounds of the control individuals were larger.
The wounds of the Alzheimer’s caretakers took longer to heal.
The aspect of the _______ behavior pattern that has the greatest impact on health is _______.
a. Type B; hostility
b. Type B; pessimism
c. Type A; optimism
d. Type A; hostility
Type A; hostility
Which of these features is not part of the definition of job burnout?
a. depersonalization
b. disharmony
c. emotional exhaustion
d. reduced personal accomplishment
disharmony
Evanthia is using coping strategies to increase her level of physical activities. Which of these sounds most like a coping plan?
a. “I will do sit-ups every day before I eat breakfast.”
b. “I will learn how to use an elliptical trainer.”
c. “I will join a gym.”
d. “I will read my textbook while I’m on the treadmill.”
“I will read my textbook while I’m on the treadmill.”
Complex pattern of changes made in response to situations perceived to be personally significant is called?
Emotions
What is the statement of Paul Ekman?
All people share overlap in facial language
Eliciting stimulus triggers behavioral response is a statement of _________________ theory.
Peripheral feedback theory
Cannon Bard theory states?
Emotional stimulus produce two co-occurring reactions; arousal and emotion.
Define Stress?
Pattern of specific and non-specific responses that disturb equilibrium
Define Stress?
Pattern of specific and non-specific responses that disturb equilibrium
The highest life-change units is when:
a. Fired from work
b. Death of a family member
c. Disturbed sleeping pattern
d. Pregnancy
Death of a family member
Which is NOT a coping response?
a. Anticipatory coping
b. Ignorant coping
c. Emotion-focused coping
d. Problem-directed coping
Ignorant coping
Sheldon doesn’t like movies that make him cry. This is an example of a(n)_______ trait.
a. cardinal
b. central
c. secondary
d. peripheral
Secondary
Which of these factors is not a trait dimension in the five-factor model?
a. creativeness
b. agreeableness
c. neuroticism
d. extraversion
Creativeness
You overhear Rehan say, “Bad people must be punished!” Based just on that evidence, you begin to suspect that Rehan may believe in a(n) _______ theory of personality.
a. incremental
b. entity
c. humanistic
d. collectivist
Entity
According to Freud, at ages 4 to 5 children are in the _______ stage of development.
a. genital
b. phallic
c. oral
d. anal
Phallic
You attend a lecture that is focusing on archetypes in the collective unconscious. The lecture seems to be about the ideas of
a. Carl Jung.
b. Karen Horney.
c. Sigmund Freud.
d. Alfred Adler.
Carl Jung
One of the most important claims of humanistic theories of personality is that people strive for
a. superiority.
b. self-preservation.
c. zones.
d. self-actualization
self-actualization
Humanistic theories are _______ because they emphasize an individual’s subjective view of reality.
a. holistic
b. phenomenological
c. deterministic
d. dispositional
phenomenological
With respect to Walter Mischel’s personality theory, which of these statements relates to the variable of goals and values?
a. Bilal wants to graduate from college before he turns 30.
b. Rabiya thinks she can persuade her brother to lend her his car.
c. Parveen sweats a lot before she takes an exam.
d. Sara can do multiplication without a calculator
Bilal wants to graduate from college before he turns 30.
Junaid’s best friend Basit is trying to convince him that he can get a new job. If Basit is successful, that could have an impact on Junaid’s sense of
a. self-efficacy.
b. self-regulation.
c. reciprocal determinism.
d. libido.
self-efficacy.
Bazid spends the whole night before he is going to compete in a triathlon reviewing the notes for his philosophy class. This might be an example of
a. self-efficacy.
c. self-handicapping.
b. psychic determinism.
d. neuroticism.
self-handicapping.
Because Miriam lives in a _______ culture she is likely to have a(n) _______ construal of self.
a. collectivist; dependent
b. collectivist; interdependent
c. individualistic; interdependent
d. collectivist; independent
collectivist; interdependent
Which features of Facebook pages were not related to judgments of narcissism?
a. The number of funny quotations.
b. The attractiveness of the main photograph.
c. The self-promotion of the main photograph.
d. The owner’s amount of social interaction
The number of funny quotations.
Chad and Jeremy are both personality theorists. Chad believes that personalities are largely determined before birth. Jeremy believes that personalities arise from life
experiences. The dimension on which they disagree is
a. learning processes versus innate laws of behavior.
b. consciousness versus unconsciousness.
c. inner disposition versus outer situation.
d. heredity versus environment.
heredity versus environment.
The personality test that most directly assesses the dimensions of the five-factor model is the
a. Rorschach.
b. TAT.
c. NEO-PI.
d. MMPI-2
NEO-PI
If you wanted to measure need for achievement, your first choice might be the
a. Rorschach.
b. MMPI-2.
c. TAT.
d. NEO-PI.
TAT.
_______________ is shaped by powerful inner forces.
Personality
