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Committee Exam 4 > TEST 12 > Flashcards

TEST 12 Flashcards

1
Q

The biosynthesis of nucleic acids occurs in the:
a) Cytoplasm
b) Mitochondria
c) Nucleus
d) Golgi apparatus

A

Nucleus

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2
Q

The building blocks of nucleic acids are called:
a) Amino acids
b) Monosaccharides
c) Nucleotides
d) Fatty acids

A

Nucleotides

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3
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template?
a) DNA polymerase
b) RNA polymerase
c) Ligase
d) Helicase

A

RNA polymerase

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4
Q

The process of joining nucleotides to form a new DNA strand is known as:
a) Transcription
b) Translation
c) Replication
d) Translocation

A

Replication

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5
Q

Which of the following nitrogenous bases is found in RNA but not in DNA?
a) Adenine
b) Thymine
c) Uracil
d) Guanine

A

Uracil

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6
Q

The synthesis of RNA using a DNA template is called:
a) DNA replication
b) Transcription
c) Translation
d) Reverse transcription

A

Transcription

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7
Q

The enzyme responsible for adding nucleotides during DNA replication is:
a) DNA polymerase
b) RNA polymerase
c) Ligase
d) Helicase

A

DNA polymerase

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8
Q

The process by which the genetic information in mRNA is used to build a protein is called:
a) DNA replication
b) Transcription
c) Translation
d) Reverse transcription

A

Translation

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9
Q

The synthesis of RNA from RNA is called:
a) DNA replication
b) Transcription
c) Translation
d) Reverse transcription

A

Transcription

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10
Q

The nitrogenous base pairs in DNA are held together by:
a) Covalent bonds
b) Hydrogen bonds
c) Ionic bonds
d) Peptide bonds

A

Hydrogen bonds

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11
Q

The enzyme responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during replication is:
a) DNA polymerase
b) RNA polymerase
c) Ligase
d) Helicase

A

Helicase

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12
Q

Which of the following is not a component of a nucleotide?
a) Phosphate group
b) Sugar
c) Amino group
d) Nitrogenous base

A

Amino group

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13
Q

The enzyme responsible for joining Okazaki fragments during DNA replication is:
a) DNA polymerase
b) RNA polymerase
c) Ligase
d) Helicase

A

Ligase

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14
Q

The direction of DNA replication is:
a) 5’ to 3’
b) 3’ to 5’
c) Random
d) Bidirectional

A

5’ to 3’

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15
Q

Which nucleotide base pairs with adenine in RNA?
a) Thymine
b) Uracil
c) Cytosine
d) Guanine

A

Uracil

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16
Q

The sugar component in DNA nucleotides is ___________.

A

deoxyribose

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17
Q

De novo synthesis of purines occurs primarily in the:
a) Nucleus
b) Cytoplasm
c) Endoplasmic reticulum
d) Golgi apparatus

A

Cytoplasm

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18
Q

The salvage pathway for purine synthesis involves:
a) Synthesizing purines from scratch
b) Recycling purine bases from nucleotide breakdown
c) Breaking down purines into their constituent bases
d) Importing purines from the extracellular environment

A

Recycling purine bases from nucleotide breakdown

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19
Q

Gout is a form of arthritis caused by the accumulation of:
a) Uric acid
b) Adenosine
c) Guanine
d) Thymine

A

Uric acid

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20
Q

The enzyme responsible for converting hypoxanthine to xanthine in purine catabolism is:
a) Xanthine oxidase
b) Adenosine deaminase
c) Guanosine kinase
d) Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase

A

Xanthine oxidase

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21
Q

SCID (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency) caused by impaired purine salvage pathway is associated with a deficiency in the enzyme:
a) Adenosine deaminase
b) Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT)
c) Xanthine oxidase
d) Guanosine kinase

A

Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT)

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22
Q

The accumulation of uric acid crystals in the joints is a characteristic feature of:
a) Gout
b) Leukemia
c) Diabetes mellitus
d) Sickle cell anemia

A

Gout

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23
Q

The salvage pathway for purine synthesis helps conserve:
a) Energy
b) Nucleotide precursors
c) Enzymes
d) Ribosomes

A

Nucleotide precursors

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24
Q

In the salvage pathway, the enzyme HGPRT is responsible for:
a) Converting guanine to xanthine
b) Converting adenine to hypoxanthine
c) Converting hypoxanthine to adenosine
d) Converting xanthine to uric acid

A

Converting adenine to hypoxanthine

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25
Q

SCID caused by impaired purine salvage pathway is also known as ___________ deficiency.

A

Lesch-Nyhan

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25
Q

The key enzyme in the de novo synthesis of purines is ___________.

A

PRPP amidotransferase

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26
Q

Translation is the process of synthesizing ___________ from ___________.
a) RNA, DNA
b) Proteins, RNA
c) RNA, proteins
d) DNA, proteins

A

RNA, proteins

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27
Q

The process of translation occurs in the:
a) Nucleus
b) Cytoplasm
c) Endoplasmic reticulum
d) Mitochondria

A

Cytoplasm

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28
Q

The initiation of translation requires the interaction between the ___________ and the ___________.
a) mRNA, ribosome
b) tRNA, ribosome
c) mRNA, tRNA
d) tRNA, mRNA

A

mRNA, ribosome

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29
Q

The start codon that initiates translation is:
a) AUG
b) UAG
c) UGA
d) UAA

A

AUG

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30
Q

The codon that signals the termination of translation is:
a) AUG
b) UAG
c) UGA
d) UAA

A

UAG

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31
Q

The enzyme responsible for bringing the correct amino acids to the ribosome during translation is called:
a) RNA polymerase
b) DNA polymerase
c) tRNA synthetase
d) DNA helicase

A

tRNA synthetase

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32
Q

The step of translation where the amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide chain is called:
a) Initiation
b) Elongation
c) Termination
d) Transcription

A

Elongation

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33
Q

The process of translation is assisted by a complex called the ___________.
a) Ribosome
b) Nucleosome
c) Lysosome
d) Peroxisome

A

Ribosome

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34
Q

During translation, the ribosome moves along the mRNA in the ___________ direction.
a) 5’ to 3’
b) 3’ to 5’
c) Random
d) Bidirectional

A

5’ to 3’

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35
Q

Which of the following is not involved in translation?
a) mRNA
b) rRNA
c) tRNA
d) DNA polymerase

A

DNA polymerase

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36
Q

The enzyme responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during transcription is:
a) DNA polymerase
b) RNA polymerase
c) DNA helicase
d) RNA helicase

A

DNA helicase

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37
Q

The process of translation is divided into three main stages, which are:
a) Initiation, transcription, termination
b) Initiation, elongation, termination
c) Transcription, elongation, termination
d) Transcription, translation, termination

A

Initiation, elongation, termination

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38
Q

The ribosome has two subunits, namely:
a) Large and small
b) Big and small
c) Heavy and light
d) Long and short

A

Large and small

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39
Q

The enzyme responsible for adding amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain during translation is called:
a) DNA polymerase
b) RNA polymerase
c) Ligase
d) Peptidyl transferase

A

Peptidyl transferase

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40
Q

SCID caused by impaired purine salvage pathway is also known as ___________ deficiency.

A

Lesch-Nyhan

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41
Q

The termination codon in mRNA is recognized by a protein called a:
a) Release factor
b) Initiator factor
c) Elongation factor
d) Ribosomal subunit

A

Release factor

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42
Q

The process of translation begins with the binding of the small ribosomal subunit to the ___________ of mRNA.

A

start codon

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43
Q

During translation, each amino acid is specified by a three-nucleotide sequence called a ___________.

A

codon

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44
Q

The codon AUG codes for the amino acid ___________.

A

methionine

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45
Q

The binding site for the incoming aminoacyl-tRNA during translation is called the ___________ site.

A

A-site

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46
Q

The enzyme responsible for translocating the ribosome along the mRNA during translation is called ___________.

A

elongation factor

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47
Q

The process of translation occurs in the nucleus. True or False?

A

False

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48
Q

The initiation of translation requires the presence of a specific start codon. True or False?

A

True

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49
Q

The ribosome moves along the mRNA in the 3’ to 5’ direction during translation. True or False?

A

False

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50
Q

Antibiotics such as tetracycline and erythromycin can inhibit translation by binding to the ribosome and interfering with protein synthesis. True or False?

A

True

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51
Q

Protein breakdown is an essential process for recycling amino acids and maintaining cellular homeostasis. True or False?

A

True

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52
Q

The enzyme responsible for breaking down proteins into amino acids is called protease. True or False?

A

True

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53
Q

Translation occurs in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. True or False?

A

True

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54
Q

The termination of translation occurs when a stop codon is encountered by the ribosome. True or False?

A

True

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55
Q

The ribosome is composed of rRNA and proteins. True or False?

A

True

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56
Q

During translation, the growing polypeptide chain is synthesized from the N-terminus to the C-terminus. True or False?

A

True

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57
Q

The release factor recognizes the termination codon and releases the completed polypeptide chain from the ribosome. True or False?

A

True

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58
Q

Translation is a highly regulated process that can be influenced by various cellular factors and signals. True or False?

A

True

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59
Q

Protein synthesis can be inhibited by antibiotics that target the ribosome, such as chloramphenicol and streptomycin. True or False?

A

True

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60
Q

Protein breakdown primarily occurs in the nucleus of cells. True or False?

A

False

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61
Q

The process of translation involves the decoding of the genetic information encoded in the mRNA into a specific sequence of amino acids. True or False?

A

True

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62
Q

Which type of RNA carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis?
a) mRNA
b) tRNA
c) rRNA
d) snRNA

A

mRNA

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63
Q

The typical structure of tRNA includes a region called the ___________ that binds to the corresponding codon on the mRNA during translation.
a) Anticodon
b) Promoter
c) Terminator
d) Exon

A

Anticodon

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64
Q

rRNA (ribosomal RNA) is a component of:
a) mRNA
b) tRNA
c) Ribosomes
d) Nucleosomes

A

Ribosomes

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65
Q

Exons are the coding regions of genes that:
a) Are spliced out during RNA processing
b) Are involved in the initiation of transcription
c) Carry genetic information to the ribosomes
d) Encode amino acid sequences in proteins

A

Encode amino acid sequences in proteins

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66
Q

Introns are the non-coding regions of genes that:
a) Are spliced out during RNA processing
b) Are involved in the initiation of transcription
c) Carry genetic information to the ribosomes
d) Encode amino acid sequences in proteins

A

Are spliced out during RNA processing

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67
Q

Transcription is the process of synthesizing ___________ from a DNA template.
a) DNA
b) mRNA
c) tRNA
d) rRNA

A

mRNA

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68
Q

The enzyme responsible for synthesizing RNA from a DNA template during transcription is called:
a) DNA polymerase
b) RNA polymerase
c) Ligase
d) Helicase

A

RNA polymerase

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69
Q

The first step of transcription is called:
a) Initiation
b) Elongation
c) Termination
d) Translation

A

Initiation

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70
Q

During initiation of transcription, RNA polymerase binds to a specific DNA sequence called the ___________.
a) Promoter
b) Terminator
c) Codon
d) Anticodon

A

Promoter

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71
Q

The process of transcription continues until the RNA polymerase reaches a specific DNA sequence called the ___________.
a) Promoter
b) Terminator
c) Codon
d) Anticodon

A

Terminator

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72
Q

The process of transcription occurs in the ___________ of eukaryotic cells.
a) Nucleus
b) Cytoplasm
c) Mitochondria
d) Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Nucleus

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73
Q

Amanitin is a toxic substance found in certain mushrooms that inhibits ___________ during transcription.
a) DNA polymerase
b) RNA polymerase
c) Ligase
d) Helicase

A

RNA polymerase

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74
Q

tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome during translation. True or False?

A

True

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75
Q

rRNA forms the structural components of ribosomes. True or False?

A

True

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76
Q

Exons are removed from the pre-mRNA during RNA processing. True or False?

A

False

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77
Q

Introns are retained in the mature mRNA and contribute to protein coding. True or False?

A

False

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78
Q

Transcription occurs in the 3’ to 5’ direction on the DNA template strand. True or False?

A

False

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79
Q

The promoter region of a gene is involved in the initiation of transcription. True or False?

A

True

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80
Q

Transcription is the process of synthesizing DNA from an RNA template. True or False?

A

False

81
Q

The termination of transcription is signaled by the presence of a terminator sequence on the DNA template strand. True or False?

A

True

82
Q

tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome based on the ___________ sequence on the mRNA.

A

codon

83
Q

mRNA is synthesized during the process of ___________.

A

transcription

84
Q

In eukaryotic cells, transcription occurs in the ___________.

A

nucleus

85
Q

During initiation of transcription, RNA polymerase binds to the DNA at the ___________ region.

A

promoter

86
Q

The process of removing introns and joining exons in pre-mRNA is called ___________.

A

splicing

87
Q

Amanitin poisoning can lead to liver failure and death. True or False?

A

True

88
Q

Amanitin inhibits RNA polymerase, preventing transcription. True or False?

A

True

89
Q

mRNA undergoes processing, including capping, splicing, and polyadenylation, to produce mature mRNA. True or False?

A

True

90
Q

Intron sequences are important for regulating gene expression. True or False?

A

False

91
Q

DNA stands for:
a) Deoxyribonucleic acid
b) Ribonucleic acid
c) Deoxyribose nucleic acid
d) Ribose nucleic acid

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

92
Q

The structure of DNA is a:
a) Double-stranded helix
b) Single-stranded helix
c) Triple-stranded helix
d) Quadruple-stranded helix

A

Double-stranded helix

93
Q

The two strands of DNA are held together by:
a) Hydrogen bonds
b) Covalent bonds
c) Ionic bonds
d) Peptide bonds

A

Hydrogen bonds

94
Q

Telomeres are located at the:
a) Start of a DNA strand
b) End of a DNA strand
c) Middle of a DNA strand
d) Both ends and middle of a DNA strand

A

End of a DNA strand

95
Q

DNA replication starts at specific sites called:
a) Promoters
b) Termination sites
c) Telomeres
d) Origins of replication

A

Origins of replication

96
Q

Deamination is a type of DNA damage that involves the:
a) Addition of a chemical group to a nucleotide
b) Loss of a chemical group from a nucleotide
c) Conversion of a cytosine to uracil
d) Formation of covalent bonds between adjacent nucleotides

A

Conversion of a cytosine to uracil

97
Q

Depurination is a type of DNA damage that involves the:
a) Addition of a chemical group to a nucleotide
b) Loss of a chemical group from a nucleotide
c) Conversion of a cytosine to uracil
d) Loss of a purine base from a nucleotide

A

Loss of a purine base from a nucleotide

98
Q

UV light can cause DNA damage by:
a) Inducing cross-links between adjacent nucleotides
b) Breaking the phosphodiester backbone of DNA
c) Forming thymine dimers
d) Altering the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA

A

Forming thymine dimers

99
Q

Double-strand breakage of DNA can occur due to:
a) Deamination
b) Depurination
c) UV light exposure
d) Ionizing radiation

A

Ionizing radiation

100
Q

Oxidative stress can lead to DNA damage by:
a) Causing thymine dimers
b) Inducing single-strand breaks in DNA
c) Forming cross-links between DNA strands
d) Alkylating DNA bases

A

Inducing single-strand breaks in DNA

101
Q

The process of DNA repair that involves the removal of damaged bases by specific enzymes is called:
a) Base excision repair
b) Nucleotide excision repair
c) Mismatch repair
d) Homologous recombination

A

Base excision repair

102
Q

Mismatch repair is a DNA repair mechanism that corrects errors in DNA replication by:
a) Replacing damaged bases with new ones
b) Removing and replacing mismatched nucleotides
c) Repairing double-strand breaks
d) Rejoining broken DNA strands

A

Removing and replacing mismatched nucleotides

103
Q

The “Angelina effect” refers to:
a) The effect of UV light exposure on DNA damage
b) The impact of mutations in the BRCA genes on breast and ovarian cancer risk
c) The role of p53 mutation in DNA repair
d) The relationship between Xeroderma pigmentosum and skin cancer

A

The impact of mutations in the BRCA genes on breast and ovarian cancer risk

104
Q

Mutations in the BRCA genes are associated with an increased risk of:
a) Lung cancer
b) Colon cancer
c) Breast and ovarian cancer
d) Leukemia

A

Breast and ovarian cancer

105
Q

Mutations in the p53 gene are associated with an increased risk of:
a) Lung cancer
b) Colon cancer
c) Breast and ovarian cancer
d) Various types of cancer

A

Various types of cancer

106
Q

Xeroderma pigmentosum is a genetic disorder characterized by:
a) Increased sensitivity to UV light and a high risk of skin cancer
b) Defective mismatch repair and a high risk of colon cancer
c) Impaired DNA replication and a high risk of breast cancer
d) Deficiency in telomerase activity and premature aging

A

Increased sensitivity to UV light and a high risk of skin cancer

107
Q

DNA consists of four different nucleotide bases: adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil. True or False?

A

False

108
Q

Each DNA strand has a complementary sequence that is determined by the base-pairing rules (adenine with thymine and cytosine with guanine). True or False?

A

True

109
Q

Telomeres play a crucial role in maintaining the stability and integrity of the DNA molecule. True or False?

A

True

110
Q

DNA replication is a semiconservative process, meaning that each new DNA molecule contains one original strand and one newly synthesized strand. True or False?

A

True

111
Q

Deamination can lead to changes in the DNA sequence and potentially cause mutations. True or False?

A

True

112
Q

UV light-induced thymine dimers can disrupt the normal structure of DNA and interfere with DNA replication and transcription. True or False?

A

True

113
Q

Double-strand breakage of DNA can be repaired by the process of homologous recombination. True or False?

A

True

114
Q

Oxidative stress refers to the imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species and the ability of the body to detoxify them, leading to DNA damage. True or False?

A

True

115
Q

Base excision repair is a DNA repair mechanism that specifically targets and corrects mismatched nucleotides in the DNA sequence. True or False?

A

False

116
Q

During transcription, the enzyme ___________ synthesizes RNA from a DNA template.

A

RNA polymerase

117
Q

The first step of DNA replication is the unwinding of the double helix by an enzyme called ___________.

A

helicase

118
Q

Depurination is the loss of a ___________ base from a DNA nucleotide.

A

purine

119
Q

UV light-induced damage in DNA can lead to the formation of ___________ dimers.

A

thymine

120
Q

The DNA repair mechanism called ___________ excision repair is involved in removing bulky DNA lesions caused by chemicals and UV light.

A

nucleotide

121
Q

The enzyme telomerase can add repetitive DNA sequences to the ends of chromosomes to prevent their shortening during replication. True or False?

A

True

122
Q

Deamination is a process that converts adenine to cytosine in DNA. True or False?

A

False

123
Q

Double-strand breaks in DNA can be repaired through non-homologous end joining, which often results in the loss of a few nucleotides. True or False?

A

True

124
Q

The BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are involved in the repair of double-strand breaks in DNA. True or False?

A

True

125
Q

Xeroderma pigmentosum is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in genes involved in nucleotide excision repair. True or False?

A

True

126
Q

The main function of telomeres is to:
a) Encode genetic information
b) Protect the ends of chromosomes from degradation and fusion
c) Regulate gene expression
d) Initiate DNA replication

A

Protect the ends of chromosomes from degradation and fusion

127
Q

The enzyme responsible for repairing single-strand breaks in DNA is called:
a) DNA polymerase
b) DNA ligase
c) DNA helicase
d) DNA glycosylase

A

DNA ligase

128
Q

Deamination is a spontaneous DNA damage process that can occur without the influence of external factors. True or False?

A

True

129
Q

The p53 gene is often referred to as the “guardian of the genome” due to its role in regulating cell cycle progression and initiating DNA repair. True or False?

A

True

130
Q

Xeroderma pigmentosum is characterized by an increased risk of developing skin cancer upon exposure to UV light. True or False?

A

True

131
Q

The central dogma of molecular biology states that information flows from:
a) DNA to RNA to protein
b) RNA to DNA to protein
c) Protein to RNA to DNA
d) Protein to DNA to RNA

A

DNA to RNA to protein

132
Q

The discovery of the double helix structure of DNA was made by:
a) James Watson and Francis Crick
b) Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins
c) Linus Pauling
d) Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

133
Q

The Watson and Crick model of DNA structure proposed that the two strands of DNA are:
a) Parallel to each other
b) Antiparallel to each other
c) Complementary to each other
d) Identical to each other

A

Antiparallel to each other

134
Q

Mitochondrial DNA is inherited from:
a) Both parents
b) The mother only
c) The father only
d) Randomly from either parent

A

The mother only

135
Q

Okazaki fragments are short segments of DNA synthesized during:
a) DNA replication on the leading strand
b) DNA replication on the lagging strand
c) Transcription
d) Translation

A

DNA replication on the lagging strand

136
Q

Circadian clock genes are involved in regulating:
a) DNA replication
b) DNA repair
c) Cellular metabolism
d) Biological rhythms and sleep-wake cycles

A

Biological rhythms and sleep-wake cycles

137
Q

The discovery of the double helix structure of DNA was based on X-ray crystallography data obtained by Rosalind Franklin. True or False?

A

True

138
Q

The Watson and Crick model of DNA structure explained how DNA replicates and transcribes into RNA. True or False?

A

True

139
Q

Mitochondrial DNA contains a different set of genes compared to nuclear DNA. True or False?

A

True

140
Q

Okazaki fragments are joined together by the enzyme DNA ligase during DNA replication. True or False?

A

True

141
Q

Circadian clock genes play a role in regulating various physiological processes, including metabolism, hormone production, and cell cycle progression. True or False?

A

True

142
Q

The discovery of the structure of DNA by Watson and Crick was published in the journal ___________ in 1953.

A

Nature

143
Q

Mitochondrial DNA is circular and encodes genes necessary for ___________ synthesis.

A

energy (ATP)

144
Q

Okazaki fragments are synthesized by the enzyme ___________.

A

DNA polymerase

145
Q

Circadian clock genes, such as ___________ and ___________, regulate the timing of biological processes.

A

Clock, Per

146
Q

The central dogma of molecular biology states that information flows from RNA to DNA to protein. True or False?

A

False

147
Q

Rosalind Franklin’s X-ray crystallography images played a crucial role in determining the structure of DNA. True or False?

A

True

148
Q

The Watson and Crick model of DNA structure proposed that the two DNA strands run in the same direction. True or False?

A

False

149
Q

Mitochondrial DNA is primarily involved in protein synthesis. True or False?

A

False

150
Q

Okazaki fragments are only synthesized on the lagging strand during DNA replication. True or False?

A

True

151
Q

The enzyme responsible for adding nucleotides during DNA replication is called ___________.

A

DNA polymerase

152
Q

Mitochondrial DNA is more susceptible to ___________ damage compared to nuclear DNA.

A

oxidative

153
Q

The Okazaki fragments are eventually joined together by the enzyme ___________.

A

DNA ligase

154
Q

The ___________ genes regulate the circadian clock and are found in many organisms.

A

Clock, Period

155
Q

The central dogma of molecular biology describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein. True or False?

A

True

156
Q

The discovery of the double helix structure of DNA was made by Rosalind Franklin. True or False?

A

False

157
Q

The Watson and Crick model of DNA structure explained the mechanism of DNA replication. True or False?

A

True

158
Q

Mitochondrial DNA is inherited from both parents in a Mendelian manner. True or False?

A

False

159
Q

Okazaki fragments are short RNA fragments synthesized during transcription. True or False?

A

False

160
Q

The discovery of the structure of DNA was based on X-ray diffraction images of DNA fibers taken by ___________.

A

Rosalind Franklin

161
Q

Mitochondrial DNA is maternally inherited due to the presence of ___________ in the sperm.

A

Ubiquitin

162
Q

The joining of Okazaki fragments is facilitated by the enzyme ___________.

A

DNA ligase

163
Q

Circadian clock genes, such as ___________ and ___________, regulate the body’s internal clock and daily rhythms.

A

Clock, Period

164
Q

Positive regulation of gene expression refers to:
a) Activation of gene expression by transcription factors
b) Inhibition of gene expression by transcription factors
c) Methylation of DNA to suppress gene expression
d) Degradation of mRNA to reduce gene expression

A

Activation of gene expression by transcription factors

165
Q

Negative regulation of gene expression refers to:
a) Activation of gene expression by transcription factors
b) Inhibition of gene expression by transcription factors
c) Methylation of DNA to suppress gene expression
d) Degradation of mRNA to reduce gene expression

A

Inhibition of gene expression by transcription factors

166
Q

The process of gene expression involves:
a) DNA replication
b) RNA translation
c) Protein synthesis
d) Transcription and translation

A

Transcription and translation

167
Q

Promoters are regions of DNA that:
a) Enhance gene expression
b) Initiate transcription
c) Bind transcription factors
d) Control mRNA degradation

A

Initiate transcription

168
Q

Enhancers are DNA sequences that:
a) Enhance gene expression
b) Initiate transcription
c) Bind transcription factors
d) Control mRNA degradation

A

Enhance gene expression

169
Q

Response elements are DNA sequences that:
a) Enhance gene expression
b) Initiate transcription
c) Bind transcription factors
d) Control mRNA degradation

A

Bind transcription factors

170
Q

Transcription factors are proteins that:
a) Enhance gene expression
b) Initiate transcription
c) Bind DNA sequences
d) Control mRNA degradation

A

Bind DNA sequences

171
Q

Iron uptake in cells is primarily regulated by a protein called:
a) Ferritin
b) Transferrin
c) Heme
d) Iron regulatory protein

A

Transferrin

172
Q

Hemochromatosis is a genetic disorder characterized by:
a) Iron deficiency
b) Excessive iron absorption and deposition in tissues
c) Impaired heme synthesis
d) Altered iron metabolism

A

Excessive iron absorption and deposition in tissues

173
Q

Histone modification refers to:
a) Changes in the DNA sequence that affect gene expression
b) Chemical modifications to histone proteins that influence chromatin structure and gene expression
c) Changes in mRNA stability that regulate gene expression
d) Alterations in RNA splicing that affect gene expression

A

Chemical modifications to histone proteins that influence chromatin structure and gene expression

174
Q

Positive regulation of gene expression leads to increased transcription and higher levels of gene expression. True or False?

A

True

175
Q

Negative regulation of gene expression leads to decreased transcription and lower levels of gene expression. True or False?

A

True

176
Q

Promoters are located upstream of the transcription start site and are involved in the initiation of transcription. True or False?

A

True

177
Q

Enhancers are DNA sequences that can be located far away from the gene they regulate and can influence gene expression by interacting with promoters. True or False?

A

True

178
Q

Response elements are specific DNA sequences that bind to transcription factors and regulate gene expression. True or False?

A

True

179
Q

The process of converting DNA into RNA is called ___________.

A

Transcription

180
Q

Iron uptake in cells is primarily mediated by the ___________ receptor.

A

Transferrin

181
Q

Hemochromatosis is most commonly caused by mutations in the ___________ gene.

A

HFE

182
Q

Histone modification can include ___________ of histone proteins, such as acetylation and methylation.

A

Methylation

183
Q

RNA interference is a mechanism used by scientists to ___________ specific genes.

A

Silence or turn off

184
Q

Positive regulation of gene expression can occur through the binding of activator proteins to enhancer elements. True or False?

A

True

185
Q

Negative regulation of gene expression can occur through the binding of repressor proteins to response elements. True or False?

A

True

186
Q

Promoters are specific DNA sequences located downstream of the transcription start site. True or False?

A

False

187
Q

Enhancers are DNA sequences that can be located far away from the gene they regulate. True or False?

A

True

188
Q

Transcription factors are proteins that bind to enhancer elements to activate gene expression. True or False?

A

True

189
Q

Transcription factors recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences called ___________.

A

Response elements

190
Q

Iron uptake in cells is regulated by the protein ___________, which controls the expression of genes involved in iron transport and storage.

A

Iron regulatory protein

191
Q

Hemochromatosis is a genetic disorder characterized by excessive ___________ absorption and deposition in various tissues.

A

Iron

192
Q

Histone modification involves the addition or removal of chemical groups, such as ___________ and ___________, which can affect gene expression.

A

Acetyl, Methylation

193
Q

RNA interference (RNAi) is a technique used by scientists to ___________ the expression of specific genes.

A

Silence or suppress

194
Q

Positive regulation of gene expression leads to increased transcription and higher levels of protein synthesis. True or False?

A

True

195
Q

Negative regulation of gene expression leads to decreased transcription and lower levels of protein synthesis. True or False?

A

True

196
Q

Promoters are specific DNA sequences that bind transcription factors and initiate the transcription process. True or False?

A

True

197
Q

Enhancers are DNA sequences that can influence gene expression even if they are located far away from the gene they regulate. True or False?

A

True

198
Q

Transcription factors are proteins that bind to response elements in the DNA and can either enhance or inhibit gene expression. True or False?

A

True

199
Q

RNA interference (RNAi) is a mechanism that uses small RNA molecules called ___________ to silence or degrade specific RNA molecules.

A

Small interfering RNA (siRNA)

Committee Exam 4 (35 decks)

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