Immunology Flashcards
1
Q
Which of the following is a function of the immune system?
a) Maintaining body temperature
b) Digesting food
c) Identifying and destroying pathogens
d) Producing hormones
A
Identifying and destroying pathogens
2
Q
Which type of immune response is mediated by antibodies?
a) Innate immunity
b) Humoral immunity
c) Cell-mediated immunity
d) Active immunity
A
Humoral immunity
3
Q
Which cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity?
a) B cells
b) T cells
c) Natural killer cells
d) Macrophages
A
T cells
4
Q
Which of the following is a primary lymphoid organ?
a) Spleen
b) Lymph nodes
c) Bone marrow
d) Thymus
A
Thymus
5
Q
The process by which a B cell recognizes and binds to a specific antigen is called?
A
Antibody production
6
Q
The complement system is part of the ________ immunity.
a) Innate
b) Adaptive
c) Both A and B
d) None of the above
A
Innate
7
Q
Antibodies belong to which class of proteins?
a) Enzymes
b) Hormones
c) Immunoglobulins
d) Neurotransmitters
A
Immunoglobulins
8
Q
Memory cells are produced during the ________ response and provide long-term immunity to a specific pathogen.
a) Primary
b) Secondary
c) Tertiary
d) Quaternary
A
Secondary
9
Q
T cells can recognize antigens only when they are presented by:
a) B cells
b) Macrophages
c) Neutrophils
d) Dendritic cells
A
Dendritic cells
10
Q
Immunodeficiency disorders result in an overactive immune system. True or false?
A
False. Immunodeficiency disorders result in an underactive immune system.
11
Q
The main function of antibodies is to:
a) Destroy pathogens directly
b) Attract immune cells to the site of infection
c) Inactivate or neutralize pathogens
d) Stimulate the production of cytokines
A
Inactivate or neutralize pathogens
12
Q
Which of the following is not a type of T cell?
a) Helper T cell
b) Cytotoxic T cell
c) Memory T cell
d) Regulatory T cell
e) All of the above are types of T cells
A
All of the above are types of T cells
13
Q
Which type of immunity is transferred from mother to child through breast milk or placenta?
a) Passive immunity
b) Active immunity
c) Adaptive immunity
d) Innate immunity
A
Passive immunity
14
Q
Which of the following is not a component of innate immunity?
a) Macrophages
b) Neutrophils
c) Mast cells
d) B cells
A
B cells
15
Q
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by IgE antibodies?
a) Type I
b) Type II
c) Type III
d) Type IV
A
Type I
16
Q
Which of the following is not a function of cytokines?
a) Promoting inflammation
b) Stimulating cell growth and differentiation
c) Regulating the immune response
d) Directly killing pathogens
A
Directly killing pathogens
17
Q
Which type of immune cell is responsible for producing antibodies?
a) B cells
b) T cells
c) Natural killer cells
d) Macrophages
A
B cells
18
Q
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a group of genes that encode for proteins involved in antigen presentation. True or false?
A
True.
19
Q
Which type of immune response is responsible for rejecting transplanted organs or tissues?
a) Innate immunity
b) Humoral immunity
c) Cell-mediated immunity
d) Passive immunity
A
Cell-mediated immunity
20
Q
Which of the following is not a type of vaccine?
a) Inactivated vaccine
b) Attenuated vaccine
c) Subunit vaccine
d) Antibiotic vaccine
A
Antibiotic vaccine
21
Q
Antibodies are produced by __________ cells in response to exposure to a specific antigen.
A
B cells
22
Q
The process by which immune cells are able to recognize and respond to a wide range of foreign substances is called __________.
A
diversity
23
Q
What is the role of memory B cells in the adaptive immune response?
a) To produce antibodies in response to antigen exposure
b) To recognize and present antigens to T cells
c) To provide long-term immunity to a specific pathogen
d) To regulate the immune response and prevent autoimmunity
A
To provide long-term immunity to a specific pathogen
24
Q
Which type of vaccine uses a harmless virus to deliver antigen genes into cells, where they are expressed and stimulate an immune response?
a) Live-attenuated vaccine
b) DNA vaccine
c) Recombinant protein vaccine
d) Viral vector vaccine
A
Viral vector vaccine
25
What is the role of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the innate immune response?
a) To activate complement proteins
b) To identify and remove infected cells
c) To recognize and bind to specific antigens
d) To recognize and respond to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
To recognize and respond to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
26
The complement system is a group of __________ proteins that can directly destroy pathogens and enhance the immune response.
plasma
27
Helper T cells recognize antigen fragments presented on __________ molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells.
MHC
28
Vaccines work by causing the body to produce antibodies that can recognize and neutralize specific pathogens. True or false?
True
29
__________ immunity is the first line of defense against infections and is characterized by non-specific responses such as inflammation and phagocytosis.
Innate
30
Which type of immune cell is responsible for engulfing and digesting pathogens and cellular debris?
a) B cells
b) T cells
c) Natural killer cells
d) Macrophages
Macrophages
31
What is the role of the thymus in the development of T cells?
a) To produce antibodies
b) To activate complement proteins
c) To eliminate self-reactive T cells
d) To present antigens to T cells
To eliminate self-reactive T cells
32
Which type of immune cell is responsible for killing virus-infected cells?
T cells
33
Which type of T cell is responsible for regulating the immune response and preventing autoimmune reactions?
Regulatory T cell
34
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves the formation of immune complexes that can deposit in tissues and cause inflammation?
Type III
35
What is the role of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in antigen presentation?
a) To identify and remove infected cells
b) To bind to and present antigens to T cells
c) To activate complement proteins
d) To produce cytokines that stimulate inflammation
To bind to and present antigens to T cells
36
Which type of immune cell is responsible for initiating the adaptive immune response?
a) Dendritic cells
b) Macrophages
c) Neutrophils
d) Eosinophils
Dendritic cells
37
Type II hypersensitivity reactions involve the destruction of cells by __________ antibodies and complement proteins.
IgG
38
The process by which immune cells are able to distinguish self from non-self is called __________.
tolerance
39
The __________ is a lymphoid organ that is responsible for filtering blood and removing old or damaged red blood cells.
spleen
40
The process by which memory B cells are activated and produce large quantities of antibodies in response to a second exposure to a pathogen is called __________.
secondary immune response
41
Sarah has been vaccinated against the flu, but she still ends up getting sick with the flu virus. Why did this happen?
One possibility is that Sarah was exposed to a strain of the flu virus that was not included in the vaccine. Another possibility is that Sarah's immune system did not produce a strong enough response to the vaccine.
42
John is a 45-year-old man who has just received a kidney transplant. He is taking immunosuppressive drugs to prevent rejection of the transplant. What is the potential risk of John's immunosuppressed state?
John's immunosuppressed state puts him at a higher risk of developing infections, including opportunistic infections that would not normally affect healthy individuals. He is also at risk of developing cancer due to the compromised immune system.
43
Sana is a 7-year-old girl who has not received any vaccinations. Her parents are worried about the potential side effects of vaccines and have chosen not to vaccinate her. What is the potential risk of not vaccinating Sana?
Without vaccination, Sana is at risk of developing serious and potentially life-threatening infections such as measles, mumps, and rubella. Her unvaccinated status can also put others around her at risk of contracting these diseases.
44
Tom is a 25-year-old man who has just been diagnosed with HIV. He is concerned about the impact of HIV on his immune system. What is the potential impact of HIV on Tom's immune system?
HIV attacks and destroys CD4 T cells, which are an important part of the immune system. As a result, Tom's immune system will become weakened and he will be at a higher risk of developing opportunistic infections and cancers.
45
Amy is a 60-year-old woman who has just received a shingles vaccine. What is the purpose of the shingles vaccine?
The vaccine works by boosting the immune system's ability to recognize and respond to the virus, thereby preventing the reactivation of the virus.
46
Mark is a 10-year-old boy who has been diagnosed with a severe peanut allergy. Which of the following measures should be taken to avoid an allergic reaction?
A) He should avoid all foods containing peanuts
B) He should carry an epinephrine auto-injector with him at all times
C) He should notify his school and teachers about his peanut allergy
D) All of the above
All of the above
47
Linda is a 35-year-old woman who is pregnant. She is concerned about the safety of getting a flu shot while pregnant. Which of the following is true about flu shots during pregnancy?
A) Flu shots are safe for pregnant women and can protect both the mother and baby from the flu
B) Flu shots can cause birth defects and should be avoided during pregnancy
C) Flu shots are only recommended during the first trimester of pregnancy
D) None of the above
Flu shots are safe for pregnant women and can protect both the mother and baby from the flu
48
David is a 50-year-old man who has been diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis. Which of the following medications is commonly used to treat rheumatoid arthritis?
A) Antibiotics
B) Antihistamines
C) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
D) Allergy shots
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
49
Emily is a 25-year-old woman who has been diagnosed with an autoimmune disease. Which of the following is true about autoimmune diseases?
A) Autoimmune diseases are caused by viral infections
B) Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system attacks the body's own tissues
C) Autoimmune diseases can be cured with antibiotics
D) None of the above
Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system attacks the body's own tissues
50
James is a 60-year-old man who has just received a tetanus shot. Which of the following is true about tetanus?
A) Tetanus is caused by a virus
B) Tetanus is a bacterial infection that can be prevented with vaccination
C) Tetanus is spread through the air
D) None of the above
Tetanus is a bacterial infection that can be prevented with vaccination
51
Which of the following is an example of an innate immune response?
A) The production of antibodies
B) The activation of T cells
C) The release of histamine by mast cells
D) All of the above
The release of histamine by mast cells
52
Which of the following is an example of a cell-mediated immune response?
A) The production of antibodies
B) The activation of B cells
C) The activation of T cells
D) None of the above
The activation of T cells
53
Which of the following is a type of white blood cell that is involved in the adaptive immune response?
A) Neutrophil
B) Eosinophil
C) T cell
D) All of the above
T cell
54
The process of ________ involves the production of antibodies by B cells in response to an antigen.
Antibody-mediated (or humoral) immunity
55
The ________ is a protein on the surface of a pathogen that is recognized by the immune system.
Antigen
56
The ________ is a gland located in the neck that is involved in the immune response and is important for the production of T cells.
Thymus
57
The process by which white blood cells are attracted to an area of infection or inflammation is known as ________.
Chemotaxis
58
Vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies against specific pathogens. True or False?
True
59
The primary function of T cells is to produce antibodies. True or False?
False. The primary function of T cells is to recognize and respond to specific antigens, either by directly killing infected cells or by producing signaling molecules called cytokines.
60
The immune system can sometimes mistakenly attack the body's own tissues, leading to autoimmune diseases. True or False?
True
61
The ________ is the first line of defense against pathogens and includes physical and chemical barriers such as skin and mucous membranes.
Innate immune system
62
The complement system is a group of proteins that are involved in the immune response and can help to destroy pathogens. True or False?
True
63
Allergies are caused by an overactive immune response to harmless substances such as pollen or food. True or False?
True
64
Which of the following is an example of passive immunity?
A) Vaccination
B) Antibiotic treatment
C) Breastfeeding
D) None of the above
Breastfeeding
65
Which of the following is an example of a primary lymphoid organ?
A) Spleen
B) Lymph node
C) Thymus
D) All of the above
Thymus
66
Which of the following is an example of a cytokine?
A) Interferon
B) Complement
C) Antibody
D) None of the above
Interferon
67
Which of the following is an example of an effector T cell?
A) Regulatory T cell
B) Memory T cell
C) Cytotoxic T cell
D) All of the above
Cytotoxic T cell
68
Which of the following is an example of a type IV hypersensitivity reaction?
A) Allergic rhinitis
B) Anaphylaxis
C) Contact dermatitis
D) None of the above
Contact dermatitis
69
The process by which T cells and B cells develop the ability to recognize and respond to specific antigens is known as ________.
Clonal selection
70
________ are proteins that are produced by B cells in response to an antigen and can bind specifically to that antigen.
Antibodies
71
The ________ is a protein complex that helps to activate T cells by presenting antigens to them.
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
72
The process of antibody-mediated immunity involves the production of antibodies by B cells in response to an antigen. True or False?
True
73
Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues. True or False?
True
74
Memory B cells are a type of effector B cell that can produce antibodies more quickly and effectively upon re-exposure to an antigen. True or False?
True
75
The ________ is a protein that is released by virus-infected cells and can help to protect neighboring cells from viral infection.
Interferon
76
The ________ is a group of proteins that are involved in the immune response and can help to destroy pathogens by forming pores in their membranes.
Complement system
77
Which of the following is a characteristic of the adaptive immune response?
A) It is non-specific
B) It is always present in the body
C) It is slow to develop
D) None of the above
It is slow to develop
78
Which of the following is a type of immunodeficiency disorder?
A) Allergic rhinitis
B) Multiple sclerosis
C) HIV/AIDS
D) None of the above
HIV/AIDS
79
The process of phagocytosis involves the engulfment and destruction of pathogens by white blood cells called phagocytes. True or False?
True
80
Immunodeficiency disorders can be caused by genetic mutations, viral infections, or certain medications. True or False?
True
81
A patient presents with a severe allergic reaction after being stung by a bee. Which of the following types of cells is likely to be involved in the reaction?
A) T cells
B) B cells
C) Mast cells
D) Natural killer cells
Mast cells
82
A patient with a history of multiple bacterial infections is found to have a deficiency in complement proteins. Which of the following processes is most likely affected by this deficiency?
A) Antibody production
B) Phagocytosis
C) Complement activation
D) T cell activation
Complement activation
83
A patient with a history of frequent respiratory infections is found to have a deficiency in immunoglobulin A (IgA). Which of the following is the most likely cause of the deficiency?
A) Inadequate dietary intake of protein
B) A genetic mutation affecting IgA production
C) Exposure to a virus that attacks B cells
D) Chronic use of immunosuppressive medications
A genetic mutation affecting IgA production
84
A person who has been previously infected with a pathogen and develops immunity to it is said to be ________ to the pathogen.
immune
85
The process by which B cells are activated and differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells is called ________.
clonal expansion
86
________ are proteins produced by B cells that can bind specifically to a particular antigen and help to neutralize or eliminate it.
Antibodies
87
Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues. True or False?
True
88
Immunodeficiency disorders can be caused by genetic mutations, viral infections, or certain medications. True or False?
True
89
The primary function of natural killer (NK) cells is to produce antibodies. True or False?
False
90
The process by which immune cells recognize and respond to foreign substances is called the ________.
immune response
91
The ________ is the part of the immune system that is responsible for destroying cells that are infected with viruses or have become cancerous.
cytotoxic T cell response
92
A patient presents with joint pain and stiffness, and is diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis. Which of the following types of cells is most likely involved in the development of the disease?
A) T cells
B) B cells
C) Mast cells
D) Natural killer cells
T cells
93
A patient with a history of recurrent viral infections is found to have a deficiency in natural killer (NK) cells. Which of the following processes is most likely affected by this deficiency?
A) Phagocytosis
B) Complement activation
C) Cytotoxicity
D) Antibody production
Cytotoxicity
94
Allergies are caused by an abnormal immune response to harmless substances such as pollen or dust. True or False?
True
95
The process of phagocytosis involves the engulfment and destruction of pathogens by white blood cells called phagocytes. True or False?
True
96
What is the role of the thymus gland in the immune system?
The thymus gland is responsible for the production and maturation of T cells, which are a type of white blood cell involved in cell-mediated immunity.
97
How does the immune system distinguish between self and non-self antigens?
The immune system is able to recognize and distinguish self from non-self antigens through the process of self-tolerance, which involves the elimination of immune cells that react with self-antigens during development.
98
What is the function of cytokines in the immune system?
Cytokines are signaling molecules that are produced by immune cells in response to infection or inflammation. They help to coordinate the immune response by promoting the activation and proliferation of other immune cells.
99
How do antibodies neutralize pathogens?
Antibodies neutralize pathogens by binding to their surface proteins and preventing them from infecting host cells. They can also promote the destruction of pathogens by activating the complement system or recruiting other immune cells to the site of infection.
100
How does the immune system prevent the development of cancer?
The immune system is able to prevent the development of cancer by recognizing and destroying cells that have become cancerous. This process is mediated by cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells, which are able to recognize and eliminate abnormal cells before they can form tumors.
