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Fall 22: micro > Test 2: positive sense RNA > Flashcards

Test 2: positive sense RNA Flashcards

1
Q

positive sense RNA

A
  • RNA is infectious
  • first step is translation by host ribosomes to make viral proteins
  • will make - sense intermediate RNA
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2
Q

if the RNA virus is the same sense as the host mRNA then the viral RNA is —

A

positive sense
infectious
can undergo translation into proteins right away
to replicate must go through - sense intermediate

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3
Q

how does a + sense RNA virus replicate

A

positive is changed into a - sense intermediate RNA

positive copies are made from this

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4
Q

what is the initial event for negative sense RNA viruses

A

transcription

brings its own polymerase

change into a positive sense RNA that can be seen by host ribosomes to start translation into proteins

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5
Q

negative or positive sense RNA are not infectious

A

negative

need to be turned into + sense by transcrption first (turned into mRNA)

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6
Q

positive or negative sense RNA viruses bring their own polymerase?

A

negative sense

initial event → transcription into mRNA by viruses own RNA polymerase
not infectious
turned into + sense intermediate RNA

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7
Q

two types of picornaviruses

A

swine vesicular disease virus
foot and mouth disease virus

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8
Q

picornaviruses are —

A

positive sense
small non- enveloped icosahedral, linear ssRNA

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9
Q

when picornaviruses enter a cell what happens?

A

positive sense RNA acts as mRNA and uses host ribosomes to make a polyprotein

host proteases come and cleave into structural and non structural proteins

picornaviruses- positive sense, small non- enveloped icosahedral, linear ssRNA (FMDV, swine vessicular disease)CAP

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10
Q

the major problem with FMDV is the —

A

morbidity - cause sores/vesicles in mouth and on feet

picornaviruses- positive sense, small non- enveloped icosahedral, linear ssRNA (FMD and swine vesicular disease)CAP

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11
Q

tranmission of FMDV is by

A

aerosol inhalation and
eating of contaminated food.

picornaviruses- positive sense, small non- enveloped icosahedral, linear ssRNA (FMD and swine vesicular disease) CAP

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12
Q

FMDV replicates in — causing a primary viremia by 24 hours.

A

pharynx

picornaviruses- positive sense, small non- enveloped icosahedral, linear ssRNA (FMD and swine vesicular disease)

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13
Q

symptoms of FMDV

A

salivation, slobbering.
Vesicles in mouth.
Vesicles and lesions on the feet → lameness.
Secondary bacterial infections are common.

picornaviruses- positive sense, small non- enveloped icosahedral, linear ssRNA (FMD and swine vesicular disease)

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14
Q

what are three FMD like viruses

A
  • Swine Vesicular Disease (picornavirus)
  • Vesicular Stomatitis (Rhabdovirus)
  • Vesicular Exanthema of Swine (Calicivirus).

foot and mouth disease virus- picornavirus- positive sense linear ssRNA

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15
Q

Rapid diagnosis of FMDV is most important so that —- procedures can begin.

A

quarantine and eradication

picornaviruses- positive sense, small non- enveloped icosahedral, linear ssRNA (FMD and swine vesicular disease)

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16
Q

samples of FMDV should be transported

A

frozen or in glycerol buffer at pH=7.6

picornaviruses- positive sense, small non- enveloped icosahedral, linear ssRNA (FMD and swine vesicular disease)

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17
Q

In countries where FMDV has been eliminated, a — epidemic can develop rapidly.

A

virgin soil

FMDV very stable in environment, very contagious

no vaccine in erradicated countries

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18
Q

FMDV is incredibly efficient at shutting down the host cell and producing up to — per infected cell within several hours after infection.

A

1 million virions

picornaviruses- positive sense, small non- enveloped icosahedral, linear ssRNA (FMD and swine vesicular disease)

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19
Q

when does FMDV virus begin to shed?

A

24 hours before onset of clinical signs

picornaviruses- positive sense, small non- enveloped icosahedral, linear ssRNA (FMD and swine vesicular disease)

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20
Q

Long distance spread of — can occur and is dependent on wind direction and speed, temperature, and humidity

A

FMDV

spread across english channel

picornaviruses- positive sense, small non- enveloped icosahedral, linear ssRNA (FMD and swine vesicular disease)

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21
Q

FMDV can survive in —- meats

A

frozen, cured, and partially cooked

picornaviruses- positive sense, small non- enveloped icosahedral, linear ssRNA (FMD and swine vesicular disease)

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22
Q

why does US not vaccinate for FMDV

A

false positive
erradiacated from USA
many different strains- might not be covered

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23
Q

Humans can act as — of FMD

A

physical carriers

on clothing, shoes, vehicles ect.

picornaviruses- positive sense, small non- enveloped icosahedral, linear ssRNA (FMD and swine vesicular disease)

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24
Q

symptoms of FMDV in humans

A

mild common cold or asymptomatic

picornaviruses- positive sense, small non- enveloped icosahedral, linear ssRNA (FMD and swine vesicular disease)

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25
Q

Hand, foot and mouth disease in humans is caused by

A

coxasackie A virus

different virus from foot and mouth disease virus in cattle

picornaviruses- positive sense, small non- enveloped icosahedral, linear ssRNA (FMD and swine vesicular disease)

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26
Q

Caliciviruses are —

A

positive sense, small non- enveloped icosahedral, linear ssRNA

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27
Q

4 caliciviruses are

A
  • vesicular exanthema of swine→ FMDV look alike
  • San Miguel sea lion virus→cutaneous vesicular disease
  • Canine Calicivirus→ diarrhea
  • Feline Calicivirus→ URI

Calicivirus- positive sense, small non- enveloped icosahedral, linear ssRNA

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28
Q

vesicular exanthema of swine causes

A

FMDV look alike in pigs

caused by feeding swine sea lion and seal meat containated with San Miguel sea lion virus

eradicated from the USA

Calicivirus- positive sense, small non- enveloped icosahedral, linear ssRNA

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29
Q

San miguel sea lion virus causes

A

cutaneous vesicular disease

Calicivirus- positive sense, small non- enveloped icosahedral, linear ssRNA

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30
Q

Canine calicivirus cause —

A

diarrhea in dogs

Calicivirus- positive sense, small non- enveloped icosahedral, linear ssRNA

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31
Q

Feline Calicivirus cause ___

A

URI and mouth sores in domestic and wild cats

recovered cats have persistant infection- very low levels of replication

Calicivirus- positive sense, small non- enveloped icosahedral, linear ssRNA (VES, SMSLD,FC, CCV)

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32
Q

how is feline calicivirus different from feline herpesvirus 1

A

both cause URI and lesions in the mouth

Feline Calicivirus- persistent infection- constantly producing very small amount of virus- can cause pneumonia in young cats

Feline herpesvirus- periods of latency- just waiting- can cause blindness

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33
Q

Laboratory confirmation of FCV can be made by demonstration of— in paired serum samples.

A

rising antibody titer

Feline Calicivirus (URI and oral ulcers)

Calicivirus- positive sense, small non- enveloped icosahedral, linear ssRNA

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34
Q

Feline calicivirus vaccination protects against —, but does not prevent against —.

A

clinical disease

subclinical infection or a carrier state

Calicivirus- positive sense, small non- enveloped icosahedral, linear ssRNA

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35
Q

astroviridae are — and cause —

A

non enveloped, star like, linear + sense ssRNA viruses that cause mild GI upset

can be serious in ducks

transmitted fecal oral route

no vaccine exists

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36
Q

—- can cause mild GI upset and can be serious disease in ducks.

A

astroviridae

transmitted by fecal oral route
no vaccines exists

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37
Q

Flaviviridae are —

A

small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses

replicate in the cytoplasm

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38
Q

Flaviviridae genus flavivirus are caused by

A

arthropod borne viruses

ex. yellow fever, dengue, west nile

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39
Q

Flaviviridae genus pestivirus are cause by

A

nonarthropod borne virus

bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)

Flavivirus- small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses (BVD, hog cholera virus)

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40
Q

BVD

A

bovine virus diarrhea virus
a flavivirus that is spread by contact and congenital
cause persisitent infection, mucosal disease

Flavivirus- small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses (BVD, hog cholera virus)

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41
Q

Hog cholera virus cause

A

URI and congenital disease in pigs

erradicated in USA

classical swine fever
replicate in the tonsils

Flavivirus- small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses (BVD, hog cholera virus)

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42
Q

BVDV is seperated into what two genotypes

A

type 1
type 2 (rare but deadly)

Flavivirus- small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses (BVD, hog cholera virus)

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43
Q

genotypes of BVDV can be seperated into what two biotypes

A

cytopathic
noncytopathic

Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus

Flavivirus- small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses (BVD, hog cholera virus)

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44
Q

BVDV Type 2 has been
associated with —- syndrome

A

thrombocytopenia and hemorrhagic

bovine viral diarrhea virus

Flavivirus- small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses (BVD, hog cholera virus)

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45
Q

BVDV can cause both — infection as well as a protracted form of illness referred to as — which arises from —

A

acute
mucosal disease
persistent infection

Flavivirus- small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses (BVD, hog cholera virus)

46
Q

chronic form of BVDV is called —

A

mucosal disease

caused by persistent infection

Flavivirus- small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses (BVD, hog cholera virus)

47
Q

—- animals continuously shed virus for life

A

persistent infection

48
Q

persistent infection animals are often —, since BVDV is immunosuppressive.

A

smaller and more prone to secondary bacterial infections

Flavivirus- small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses (BVD, hog cholera virus)

49
Q

BVDV transmission occurs —

A

both vertically and horizontally

Flavivirus- small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses (BVD, hog cholera virus)

50
Q

symptoms of mucosal disease

A

fever, depression, anorexia,
salivation, profuse, watery diarrhea.
lesions in mouth and intestine
low white blood cell count
dehydrated
die in 5-7 days

caused by persistent infection of BVDV a Pestivirus (Flaviviridae)

51
Q

animals with mucosal disease usually die in —

A

5-7 days from dehydration from the lesions in the intestine and mouth that cause watery diarrhea

caused by persistent infection of BVDV a Flavivirus

52
Q

mucosal disease only arise from

A

persistent infection with BVDV(bovine viral diarrhea virus)

Flavivirus- small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses (BVD, hog cholera virus)

53
Q

pathogenesis of BVDV

A
  • mom infected with non-cytopathic BVDV
  • passes to fetus (early = aborts, 1-3 months = tolerant and unable to make antibodies)
  • cow becomes superinfected- either by outside cytopathic BVDV or BVDV inside cow mutates into cytopathic BVDV
  • develops Mucosal disease
54
Q

how does cow become superinfected with BVDV

A
  • baby born tolerant to BVDV
  • current virus mutates into cytopathic
    or
  • second infection by new cytopathic BVDV

develops Mucosal Disease

55
Q

how to prevent herd infection by BVDV

A

monitoring for PI animals
biosecurity
vaccination

Flavivirus- small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses (BVD, hog cholera virus)

56
Q

— vaccines can be used in pregnant animals, but require regular
boosters to maintain protection.

A

Killed

Flavivirus, pestivirus- small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses (BVD, hog cholera virus)

57
Q

— is also called classical swine fever

A

Hog cholera virus

Flaviviridae pestivirus- small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses (BVD, hog cholera virus)

58
Q

hog cholera viruses can be transmitted

A

in infected meat products
oronasal route to tonsils where the virus replicates

Flavivirus, pestivirus- small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses (BVD, hog cholera virus)

59
Q

Hog Cholera appears to be restricted to —- which has aided the strategy of eradication by many countries.

A

domestic swine

60
Q

how is zika spread

A

spread across the placenta and can infect fetus
transfusions
sexually

arbovirus- mosquito

61
Q

symptoms of zika virus

A

mild fever, headache, red eyes, skin rash, fatigue and joint pain

62
Q

West nile virus is what type of virus

A

flavivirus

Flaviviridae- small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses (pestivirus- BVD, hog cholera virus) (Flavivirus- west nile, dengue)

63
Q

west nile is maintained in a — cycle with humans as —

A

bird- mosquito
accidental/incedental host

Flaviviridae- small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses (pestivirus- BVD, hog cholera virus) (Flavivirus- west nile, dengue)

64
Q

WNV can cause —- in equines and humans with clinical signs ranging from fever to death.

A

encephalitis

Flaviviridae- small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses (pestivirus- BVD, hog cholera virus) (Flavivirus- west nile, dengue)

65
Q

Severe cases of encephalitis from west nile virus are rare and almost always occur in —-

A

elderly or immunocompromised hosts

66
Q

1st WNV vaccine for equines produced by Fort Dodge. Inactivated whole-virus vaccine

A

innovator

equine WNV vaccine

67
Q

One dose/year WNV vaccine introduced by Schering-Plough Animal Health. Yellow fever chimeric
vaccine. Some recalls in 2010.

A

PrevNile

WNV vaccine for horses

68
Q

a recombinant canarypox-vectored
WNV vaccine expressing the surface E protein as well as the M and pre-M viral proteins (Merial)

A

recombiteck

WNV vaccine for horses

69
Q

a killed WNV vaccine by Boehringer-Ingelheim which incorporates the common North American equine strain E159 of WNV

A

Vetera

WNV vaccine for horses

70
Q

togaviruses are split into 2 groups

A

alpha - arthropod borne (EEE,WEE,VEE)
rubiviruses- rubella

Togavirus- small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses

71
Q

togaviruses are —-

A

Togavirus- small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses, replicate in cytoplasm

rubivirus- rubella

alpha- bug spread- EEE,WEE,VEE

72
Q

Togaviruses alphavirus infections can lead to —-

A

subclinical febrile disease, or to neurological disease.

EEE is most severe in horses and humans.

Togavirus- small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses (alpha- E,W,V)

73
Q

with high infection what virus can go from mosquito to horse back to mosquito

A

Togavirus alphavirus- EEE,WEE,VEE

Togavirus- small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses (alpha- bugborne- E,W,V)

74
Q

symptoms of alphavirus

A

severe depression, wide stance, hanging head, wandering, impaired vision, photophobia, constant head
pressing into corner of the stall, dullness, dementia, or paralysis.

Togavirus- small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses (alpha- bugborne- E,W,V)

75
Q

transmission cycle for EEE

A
76
Q

pathogenesis of alphavirus

A
  • mosquito will bite host and cause
  • primary viremia →low replication of virus in host, usually resolves
  • in some cases secondary viremia can occur and cause increased titers and spread to target organs
  • CNS is targeted by EEE,WEE,VEE, WNV

Togavirus- small spherical enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses (alpha- bugborne- E,W,V)

77
Q

coronaviruses are —

A

large pleomorphic enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses, get envelope from the golgi apparatus

78
Q

where do coronavirus replicate

A

cytoplasm

positive sense linear ssRNA virus

79
Q

where does corona virus get its envelope?

A

golgi apparatus

80
Q

coronaviruses have — of mRNA

A

3’ nested set

encode for specific protein

3’ all the same, 5 ‘ different

81
Q

Feline coronavirus cause — in young kittens. But can mutate into —

A

mild GI symptoms
FIPV - cause systemic infection

feline infectious peritonitis virus

corona: large pleomorphic enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses, get envelope from the golgi apparatus (FCV-FIPV, TGEV, IBV)

82
Q

Transmissible Gastro enteritis virus (TGEV) effects —

A

piglets
vomiting, diarrhea and high mortality

corona: large pleomorphic enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses, get envelope from the golgi apparatus (FCV-FIPV, TGEV, IBV)

83
Q

infectious brochitis virus effects —

A

birds
cause respiratory infection and decreased egg production

gasping disease- attack ciliated epithelial cells- mucosal thickening

corona: large pleomorphic enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses, get envelope from the golgi apparatus (FCV-FIPV, a.IBV, TGEV, PED, SARS)

84
Q

Transmissible gastroenteritis of swine effect — within — hours

A

piglets
18-72 hours after ingestion

corona: large pleomorphic enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses, get envelope from the golgi apparatus (FCV-FIPV, a.IBV, TGEV, PED, SARS)

85
Q

symptoms of transmissible gastroenteritis of swine

A

vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, dehydration

corona: large pleomorphic enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses, get envelope from the golgi apparatus (FCV-FIPV, a.IBV, TGEV, PED, SARS)

86
Q

porcine epidemic diarrhea virus causes — and is spread by —

A

diarrhea, dehydration, death 40%
fecal oral route

corona: large pleomorphic enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses, get envelope from the golgi apparatus (FCV-FIPV, a.IBV, TGEV, PED, SARS)

87
Q

feline coronavirus can mutate into

A

feline infectious peritonitis virus

corona: large pleomorphic enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses, get envelope from the golgi apparatus (FCV-FIPV, a.IBV, TGEV, PED, SARS)

88
Q

symptoms of FIPV

A

anorexia, chronic fever, malaise, and
occasional neurological manifestations.

Feline corona mutates into Feline Infectious Peritonitis

(FCV-FIPV, a.IBV, TGEV, PED, SARS)

89
Q

how does FIPV replicate?

A

immune enhancement- non-protective antibodies bind to surface glycoprotein (S) of the virus, and these virus-Ab
complexes are readily taken up by macrophages via Fc receptors.

virus infects and replicates in monocytes and macrophages

Feline corona→Feline infectious peritonitis Virus

90
Q

explain immune enhancement

A

host helps viruses get into cell

non protective/nonneutralizing antibodies bind to the surface glycoprotein (S) of the virus, and these virus-Ab complexes are readily taken up by macrophages via Fc receptors.

Feline corona → feline infectious peritonitis uses this to infect and replicate inside macrophages

91
Q

FIPV life cycle

A
92
Q

Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus can lead to what two outcomes

A
93
Q

gasping disease is caused by —

A

avian infectious bronchitis virus
virus replicates in the ciliated epithelial cells causing mucosal thickening in nasal passages and trachae
attenuated virus giving in drinking water

corona: large pleomorphic enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses, get envelope from the golgi apparatus (FCV-FIPV, a.IBV, TGEV, PED, SARS)

94
Q

avian infectious bronchitis virus cause

A

respirtatory disease- effect ciliated epithelial cells
called gasping disease

corona: large pleomorphic enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses, get envelope from the golgi apparatus (FCV-FIPV, a.IBV, TGEV, PED, SARS)

95
Q

SARS

A

severe acute respiratory syndrome
spread respiratory route- person to person
origin animal unknown

corona: large pleomorphic enveloped, icosahedral, linear + sense ssRNA viruses, get envelope from the golgi apparatus (FCV-FIPV, a.IBV, TGEV, PED, SARS)

96
Q

Arteriviridae are —

A

enveloped, icosahedral, single, linear + sense ssRNA viruses, get envelope from the ER, 3’ nested set of mRNA (EAV, PRRSV)

97
Q

PRRSV cause—

A

anorexia, fever, blue discoloration of snout and ears, abortions and stillbirths. Pneumonia in piglets

porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus

Arterivirus- enveloped, icosahedral, single, linear + sense ssRNA viruses, get envelope from the ER, 3’ nested set of mRNA (EAV, PRRSV)

98
Q

PRRSV is spread by —

A

aerosol, contact and semen
even though it is an envoloped virus- difficult to kill and very infectious

Arterivirus- enveloped, icosahedral, single, linear + sense ssRNA viruses, get envelope from the ER, 3’ nested set of mRNA (EAV, PRRSV)

99
Q

pathogenesis of PRRSV

A

attack pulmonary macrophages
immune enhancement- host Ab help viruses into macropages
spread throughout body- across placenta
modified live and killed vaccine

Arterivirus- enveloped, icosahedral, single, linear + sense ssRNA viruses, get envelope from the ER, 3’ nested set of mRNA (EAV, PRRSV)

100
Q

PRRSV has an affinity to what type of cells

A

pulomary macrophages

Arterivirus- enveloped, icosahedral, single, linear + sense ssRNA viruses, get envelope from the ER, 3’ nested set of mRNA (EAV, PRRSV)

101
Q

Reoviruses are

A

respiratory enteric orphan
nonenveloped, spherical tricapsid layered iscosahedral, + sense segmened dsRNA

102
Q

the three concentric capsid layers of Reoviruses are

A

outer, middle and inner

all with icosahedral symmetry

reovirus- nonenveloped, spherical tricapsid layered iscosahedral, + sense multi segmened dsRNA (bluetongue, rotavirus)

103
Q

—- have segments of dsRNA

A

reoviruses

reovirus- nonenveloped, spherical tricapsid layered iscosahedral, + sense multi segmened dsRNA (bluetongue, rotavirus)

104
Q

if the outer capsid of reoviruses is removed it forms a —

A

infectious subviral particle (ISVP)

can still bind to host- still infectious

105
Q

reoviruses replicate in the —

A

cytoplasma
2 step: early and late transcription

reovirus- nonenveloped, spherical tricapsid layered iscosahedral, + sense multi segmened dsRNA (bluetongue, rotavirus)

106
Q

RNA reassortement can occur in Reoviruses because

A

dsRNA is in multible segements

if a host cell is infected by multible viruses can make baby viruses with a mix of dsRNA

reovirus- nonenveloped, spherical tricapsid layered iscosahedral, + sense multi segmened dsRNA (bluetongue, rotavirus)

107
Q

bluetongue virus causes—

A

targets hematopoietic cells and endothelial cells of blood vessels

cause blue tongue, ulcers in mouth, fever, hemorrhage, abortion

caused by midges

reovirus- nonenveloped, spherical tricapsid layered iscosahedral, + sense multi segmened dsRNA (bluetongue, rotavirus)

108
Q

blue tongue virus is found in — animals

A

sheep
cattle, yak, goats

attack hematopoietic cells and endothelial cells

reovirus- nonenveloped, spherical tricapsid layered iscosahedral, + sense multi segmened dsRNA (bluetongue, rotavirus)

109
Q

Blue tongue virus is spread by —

A

midges- small biting flies

reovirus- nonenveloped, spherical tricapsid layered iscosahedral, + sense multi segmened dsRNA (bluetongue, rotavirus)

110
Q

rotaviruses cause —

A

watery diarrhea
(white/milk scours)
virus destroys epithelial cells at the top of villi in the small intestine

111
Q

vaccines to rotavirus are made by —

A

reassortment techniques
segmented genome mixed up in a lab to make live-attenuated vaccine

Fall 22: micro (25 decks)

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